The main city of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Assessment of economic-geographical location and natural resource potential

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is one of the most important strategic subjects of the Russian Federation. The presence on its territory of exploited hydrocarbon deposits and a dynamically developing oil production complex determine its high economic potential, and the enormous importance of the North in the current geopolitical situation makes the district a reference point for strengthening the sovereignty of Russia as a whole.

The Nenets National Okrug was formed in 1929, in 1979 it was renamed the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The territory of the district is 176.8 thousand km2, which is 1% of the territory of the Russian Federation and ranks 23rd among its subjects. The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the fourth largest subject of the Russian Federation in terms of area within the Northwestern Federal District after the Arkhangelsk Region, the Republics of Komi and Karelia. It occupies 10.5% of the territory of the Northwestern Federal District. The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is part of the Northern Economic Region, which also includes the Republics of Karelia and Komi, Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions.

The district is located in the north of the East European Plain, most of which is located above the Arctic Circle. Includes the islands of Kolguevi Vaygach and the Kanin Peninsula. It is washed by the White, Barents, Pechora and Kara seas of the Arctic Ocean.

In the south the district borders with the Komi Republic, in the southwest - with the Arkhangelsk region, in the northeast - with the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The administrative center of the district is the city of Naryan-Mar.

The terrain of the territory is mostly flat; The ancient Timan ridge, the Pai-Khoi ridge (height up to 467 m), and the wetlands of the Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundra stand out. Tundra and peat-gley soils are common in the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Geologically, the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug belongs to two Precambrian sedimentary plates of different ages: Russian and Pechora. The conventional boundary between them coincides with the zone of Western Timan deep faults.

The Nenets District is subject to systematic invasion of Atlantic and Arctic air masses. Frequent changes in air masses are the cause of constant weather variability. In winter and autumn, winds with a southern component predominate, and in summer - northern and northeastern ones, caused by the invasion of cold arctic air onto the heated continent, where atmospheric pressure is low at this time.

The air temperature in summer is determined by the amount of solar radiation and therefore naturally increases from north to south. The average July temperature in Naryan-Mares is +12° C. In the cold half of the year, the main factor in the temperature regime is the transfer of heat from the Atlantic, so there is a clearly pronounced decrease in temperature from west to east. The average January temperature in Naryan-Mar is −18° C, winter lasts on average 220-240 days. The entire territory of the district is located in the zone of excess moisture. Annual precipitation ranges from 400 mm (on the coasts of the seas and on the Arctic islands) to 700 mm. The minimum precipitation is observed in February, the maximum in August - September. At least 30% of precipitation falls in the form of snow, and permafrost is present.

The territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug has a dense river network (on average 0.53 km per 1 km² of area) and an abundance of lakes. The rivers belong to the basins of the seas of the Arctic Ocean, they are mainly flat in nature, and the ridges are rapids. Among the rivers, the Pechora River occupies a special place; within the district there is its lower reaches (220 km) with an extensive delta. The depths allow sea vessels to rise to Naryan-Mar. In terms of water content, the Pechora is second only to the Volga in the European part of Russia. Swamps occupy 5-6%.

Land fund of the district as of January 1, 1999 amounted to 17,681,048 hectares. It is distributed into the following categories: agricultural land - 16,799.3 thousand hectares (95.01%); lands of settlements - 12.4 thousand hectares (0.07%); lands of industrial, transport and other non-agricultural enterprises - 39.8 thousand hectares (0.23%); lands for environmental purposes - 2.0 thousand hectares (0.01%); reserve lands - 827.5 thousand hectares (4.68%). The area of ​​agricultural land (hayfields, pastures, arable land) is 25.9 thousand hectares, or less than 0.15% in the structure of the district's land fund. 847.8 thousand hectares (4.8%) are occupied by forests, 1089.3 thousand hectares (6.2%) are swamps, and 1000.4 thousand hectares (5.66%) are under water. Reindeer pastures account for 13,202.2 thousand hectares (74.67%).

Depending on bioclimatic conditions, relief, the nature of soil-forming rocks, and the depth of surface water, the following main types of tundra soils are distinguished: arctic-tundra gleyic, tundra primitive, tundra surface-gley, peat-swamp, sod. Tundra podzolized illuvial-humus soils are formed on sandy and sandy loam soil-forming rocks under conditions of good drainage. Arcto-tundra gleyic ones are found on the island of Vaigachi on the coast of the Kara Sea, tundra primitive ones are found in the upper part of the slopes of Pai-Khoi, tundra surface gleyic ones, like peat-swamp ones, are widespread throughout the entire district. In the southwest of the district, in the subzone of the northern taiga, gleyic-podzolic soils and illuvial-iron-humus podzols are formed.

The soil-forming process is determined by low temperatures, short summers, widespread permafrost, waterlogging and develops according to the gley-swamp type. Chemical weathering is weak, while the released bases are washed out of the soil, and it is depleted in calcium, sodium, potassium, but enriched in iron and aluminum. Lack of oxygen and excess moisture make it difficult to decompose plant residues, which slowly accumulate in the form of peat.

The territory is located in the tundra (76.6%), forest-tundra (15.4%) zones, the southwestern part is in the northern taiga subzone (8%). In the tundra zone there are subzones of arctic (4.9%), mountain (3.5%), northern (10.3%), southern (57.9%) tundra.

In the subzone of the Arctic tundra (the coast of the Kara Sea and Vaygach Island), vegetation does not form a continuous cover. Frozen soil, exposed on dry ground from snow by strong winds, cracks, and the surface of the tundra is divided into separate polygons (polygons). The vegetation consists largely of moss and lichens, grasses: small sedges, grasses, cotton grass, as well as slate forms of shrubs.

In the mountain tundra subzone, the main background is created by sedge-lichen associations and creeping willow and dwarf birch shrubs.

The northern tundras cover the north of the Malozemelskaya tundra, in the Bolshezemelskaya tundra they are confined to large hills, the southern slopes of the Pai-Khoi ridge. Here the moss and lichen cover are closed, thickets of dwarf birches and low-growing species of willows appear. Significant areas are occupied by grass-sedge bogs; in the valleys of rivers and streams there are willows and tundra meadows with abundant multi-species forbs and grasses.

In the southern tundra subzone, large areas are covered with thickets of dwarf birch (birnie), as well as various types of willows, wild rosemary, and juniper. A moss or lichen cover is developed, shrubs, forbs, and marsh plant complexes are widely represented. In the forest-tundra zone, sparse forests appear on watersheds, and in river valleys and on the southern slopes of hills, woody vegetation appears in islands: low-growing spruce and birch trees, less often larches, alternating with areas of tundra and swamps.

The northern taiga subzone is characterized by the presence of significant tracts of closed tree vegetation with a predominance of spruce and spruce-birch forests; pine grows along sandy river terraces and in swamps. In river floodplains, areas with impenetrable thickets of various types of willow and alder alternate with sedge bogs and meadows. Grasses (reed grass, bluegrass, foxtail grass, red fescue) with an admixture of forbs grow on the tundra meadows of the hills.

More than 600 species of flowering plants, several hundred species of mosses and lichens are found in the district. In coastal sea waters, macrophytes, which are represented here by algae (about 80 species), are dominated by brown algae, in rivers and flowing lakes - sedge, arctophila horsetail. Diatoms and blue-green algae dominate in river phytoplankton, and green and diatom algae dominate in lakes.

Species of northern groups are widespread in the flora, and taiga (boreal) species are quite widespread. Among the flowering plants, cereals, cruciferous plants, sedges, and willows predominate. With anthropogenic impacts on the vegetation cover of the tundra, shrubs, mosses and lichens are replaced by grasses, forming a secondary vegetation cover. The largest areas with secondary vegetation are found in the Bolshezemelskaya tundra, in areas of geological exploration and oil and gas production.

The flora is rich in a variety of food plants: berries, edible herbs. The most important ones are cloudberries, blueberries, lingonberries, blueberries, and crowberries. In the forest-tundra zone along river valleys and in the taiga zone, red and black currants and honeysuckle grow, and raspberries, strawberries, and rose hips are found. In warm years, bird cherry and mountain ash ripen, and in the south of the Malozemelnaya tundra and in Kanino-Timanye, cranberry. Sorrel, wild onions and other meadow plants are used.

The resources of forage plants of floodplain meadows are rich - cereals, legumes, forbs, sedges; There are significant reserves of lichens in reindeer pastures - Cladonia, Cetraria; Medicinal plants grow everywhere.

More than 100 species of cap mushrooms are found in the district. Their species composition increases in the direction from north to south. In the northern tundra, edible mushrooms grow from russula, boletus mushrooms, boletus mushrooms, dry milk mushrooms, aspen mushrooms appear to the south, in the forest-tundra and taiga - milk mushrooms, saffron milk caps, white milk mushrooms, and others.

The fauna is represented by inhabitants of the tundra, taiga, and arctic deserts. There are numerous aquatic invertebrates: ciliates, phytomonads, oligochaetes, nematodes, rotifers, lower crustaceans, mollusks, etc. The species composition of insects is diverse, a huge number of blood-sucking insects: mosquitoes, midges, botflies. Of the cyclostomes, the lamprey is found. There are more than 30 species of fish in rivers and lakes. Among the migratory species are salmon, omuli and others; semi-anadromous - nelma, whitefish, vendace; of the aquatic (local) species - pike, ide, sorog, perch, burbot, peled, grayling and others. In the coastal seas - herring, navaga, flounder, cod, smelt and others (about 50 species of marine fish).

Amphibians include the grass frog, Siberian salamander, and common toad, and reptiles include the viviparous lizard. The species composition of birds is diverse - about 160 species, including 110 species of birds nesting in the area. About 20 species overwinter. Geese, ducks, and also ptarmigan, one of the background species of the tundra and forest-tundra, are of commercial importance.

There are 31 species of land mammals. The most numerous rodents are lemmings and voles; squirrels are found in the taiga. Among other groups of mammals, arctic shrew and white hare are common; Among the predators are arctic fox, wolf, fox, wolverine, brown and polar bear, marten, otter, ermine, weasel; of the artiodactyls - wild reindeer and reindeer.

In the coastal seas, marine mammals are found: beluga whale, North Atlantic porpoise, narwhal, ringed seal, bearded seal, gray seal, Atlantic walrus. Among terrestrial mammals, the main hunting objects are the arctic fox, fox, brown bear, marten, and vydralos. Of the marine mammals, only the ringed seal and bearded seal continue to be fished. A number of species are acclimatized in the district. Of the rodents, it is the muskrat, which is widely distributed throughout the territory and was the object of fishing; Among the fish there is the sterlet, but its population remains very small. Single specimens of pink salmon acclimatized in the Barents Sea basin come to spawn.

However, despite all of the above, of all the polar territories of Russia, the district has the most advantageous geographical location, because is located closest to the European part of the country, characterized by high human potential, infrastructure provision, and a dynamically developing industrial complex.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug has rich mineral reserves of great strategic importance for the country. First of all, these are oil fields. The potential of the Barents Sea shelf, together with the Timan-Pechora province, forms a single super province, which is a unique base of hydrocarbon raw materials. Of no small importance for the development of the region is the high degree of exploration of oil and gas-bearing areas and at the same time the low degree of their depletion, their fairly compact location and proximity to European markets, as well as the good physical and chemical properties of oil. All of the above significantly increases the competitiveness of the district.

Population characteristics

Due to its natural and climatic conditions, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug belongs to underdeveloped territories with low population density. The permanent population of the district as of 01/01/2007. amounted to 41.9 thousand people, which accounted for 0.3% of the total number in the North-West. The population density was 0.2 people/km2, which is 40 times lower than in the Northwestern Federal District (8.0 people/km2).

At the same time, the level of urbanization of the district is quite high and amounts to 64% (about 27 thousand people, of which 12,702 are men, 7,845 are women), which is explained by the high concentration of the living population in the only city of the district - Naryan-Mar, although this figure and lower than the indicators for Russia (73.1%) and the Northwestern Federal District (82.2%). The rural population of the district lives in 42 rural settlements and their number is about 15 thousand people. 7845 men and 7459 women.

The number of pensioners is 11 thousand people, of which 5 thousand are working.

Born in 2008: 691 people, 16.4 per 1000 population.

Deaths in 2008: 537 people, 12.8 per 1000 population.

The natural increase per thousand people in 2008 was 3.6.

The Russian population predominates among the residents of the district; Other nationalities also live on its territory. In the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Nenets are 12% of the population.

General results of population migration to the Nenets Autonomous Okrug in 2008:

- arrived - 548 people, of which within Russia - 515 (including within the regions - 320, from other regions - 195), from foreign countries - 33;

Those who left – 698 people, of which 696 within Russia (including within regions – 352, to other regions – 344), to foreign countries – 2.

The migration balance as of January 1, 2009 was (-)150 people.

The distribution of the population by main age groups in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the average age of the population as of January 1, 2009 are presented in Appendix A (Tables 3, 4).

Despite the fact that in the Autonomous Okrug, tuberculosis incidence rates are lower than the Russian average among the rural and nomadic population of the Autonomous Okrug, these indicators are 3-5 times higher. This is facilitated by the extreme living conditions in the plague, problems with isolating patients and carrying out sanitary, anti-epidemic, treatment and diagnostic measures.

The territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the ancestral land of residence of the Nenets, who belong to the tundra group.

According to the State Statistics Committee of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the number of Nenets living in the district is 6.381 thousand people, or 15.2%.

Over thousands of years of habitation, the peoples of the region have created a vibrant and distinctive culture, maximally adapted to the natural conditions of the harsh Arctic.

The main sphere of activity of the Nenets are traditional sectors of the economy - reindeer husbandry, hunting and fishing.

The Nenets people are represented in government and local government bodies. The Administration of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug has a department for the affairs of indigenous peoples of the North.

According to Rosstat, the district ranks first in Russia in terms of income levels. In the Nenets Autonomous Okrug in 2009, the maximum per capita monetary income of the population was recorded - 48 thousand 146 rubles - despite the fact that the average figure for Russia is about 16 thousand rubles. The highest wages are in the extractive industries, financial activities, transport and construction. Since 2005, public sector employees' wages have been increasing. In 2009, a novice doctor or teacher received from 40 thousand rubles a month.

A positive point is that the growth rate of cash income is faster than the growth rate of the cost of living in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Today, the cost of living per person is about 10 thousand rubles. This figure, as in previous years, is almost 2 times higher than the average for the Russian Federation, which is due to the high level of prices in the district due to the cost of transportation costs when importing goods into the district.

The unemployment rate in the district is slightly higher than the Russian average - 3.5 percent versus 2.5.

Characteristics of the economy (industry, transport, agriculture)

The main industries of the district are fuel (96.5%) and food (2.3%) (fish, dairy, meat canning). Agriculture is also developed in the region - crop growing: potatoes and turnips, livestock raising: reindeer husbandry, hunting: fishing, hunting and marine hunting.

On the territory of the district, on the basis of the development of oil, gas and coal deposits, the Timan-Pechora fuel and energy complex is being formed. Currently, 12 hydrocarbon deposits are being developed. In recent years, the district has acquired the significance of an important energy region, which is associated with the discovery of significant hydrocarbon reserves in the district. Also, 81 oil and gas fields have been discovered in the region.

State Unitary Enterprise "Naryan-Mar Power Plant" is the largest enterprise in the electrical power industry of the district. It accounts for about 80% of all electricity generated in the district. The remaining settlements are provided with electricity from local diesel power plants.

The volume of industrial production in 2006 amounted to 77,300.9 million rubles, an increase of 64%.

Goods of own production were shipped in 2006 by type of activity:

Mining extraction - in the amount of 76,188.0 million rubles (production index - 106% compared to 2005);

Manufacturing industries – 473.1 million rubles;

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water – 639.8 million rubles.

Over 1,028 enterprises and organizations operate on the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In the structure of industrial production of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 98.6% is occupied by the fuel industry.

The largest oil producing companies as of January 1, 2007 are Lukoil-Komi LLC (43% of oil produced), Polar Lights Company LLC (9% of oil produced), Severnaya Neft OJSC (NK Rosneft OJSC ) (32% of oil produced), JSC Total Exploration Development Russia (7% of oil produced).

Land resources and pastures

Area of ​​land fund of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is 17,681 thousand hectares. The structure of agricultural land (73.5 percent) is dominated by reindeer pastures (99.8 percent).

Biological resources

Among aquatic biological resources Fish stocks are of greatest economic importance. There are 32 species of waterfowl recorded in the county. The main object of personal hunting is the white partridge, which lives in the bush tundra; its population in these places reaches 30–60 nesting pairs per 1 square kilometer.

Main commercial mammals in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug represented by arctic fox, mountain hare and ermine. Much less common are brown bear, fox, wolf, marten, weasel, otter, and muskrat. On Novaya Zemlya and in the mainland tundra of the district, wild reindeer live (from 7 to 12 thousand heads). The polar bear is found along the coast of the Barents Sea to the Czech Bay. The main economically valuable game species is the Arctic fox. The main fishing areas are in the north of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra and the Yugorsky Peninsula.

Transport development.

The road network of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug includes public roads (federal and territorial) and departmental roads built at the expense of various ministries and departments. Since the 1960s For the transportation of goods in winter, temporary and permanent roads are built - the so-called winter roads. The length of public roads is 229 km, of which the length of federal roads is 4 km (1.7%), territorial roads are 225 km (98.3%). The length of paved roads is 179 km (76.7%). To transport goods in winter, so-called “winter roads” are used. The length of departmental roads and winter roads in the district is more than 1000 km.

Prospects for the development of road transport are associated with the completion of the construction of the Naryan-Mar – Usinsk road. It will connect hydrocarbon production centers with the district center, and the district will also have the opportunity to have land transport access to the Komi Republic and the all-Russian transport system.

Air transport

Air transport plays a vital role in the district's transport network. The two main enterprises are JSC Naryan-Mar United Aviation Squad and Federal State Unitary Enterprise Amderma Airport. Through aviation, the district center of Naryan-Mar is connected with all settlements of the district, and through Arkhangelsk, Moscow and St. Petersburg with almost all regions of Russia.

The Naryan-Mar airfield belongs to class “B” and meets modern requirements, which allows it to receive AN-24, AN-26, TU-134, TU-152, IL-76 and Boeing-737 aircraft. The squadron's own fleet of aircraft consists of AN-2 aircraft, MI-8T, MI-8 MTV-1 helicopters and is used for local air transportation.

Water transport

The length of navigable river routes is over 240 km. The main seaports are Naryan-Mar, Amderma, as well as 16 port points located at the mouths of rivers flowing into the White, Barents and Kara Seas.

The port of Naryan-Mar simultaneously receives sea and river vessels. The port is freezing, the duration of sea navigation is 135 - 150 days a year. The main carriers by sea are JSC Nenets International Freight Forwarding Company TRANS-NAO and JSC Northern River Shipping Company.

The Amderma seaport of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located on the Northern Sea Route and is an Arctic roadstead port, where unloading is carried out in an open roadstead.

Regular river passenger traffic between settlements located along the Pechora River is carried out by motor ships of the State Unitary Enterprise NAO Naryan-Mar Transport Company. Freight transportation is carried out by OJSC SK Pechora River Shipping Company and OJSC Pechora River Port. In 2005, a river station was built at the expense of the district budget.

Pipeline transport

The development of pipeline transport in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug began in 1978 with the commissioning of the local gas pipeline Vasilkovskoe field - Naryan-Mar with a length of 63 km.

Currently, oil is exported from the territory of the district in a southern direction from the largest of the Kharyaga fields being developed via the Kharyaga-Usinsk oil pipeline, 149 km long, with a diameter of 530 mm, and further along the Usinsk-Ukhta oil pipeline, 406 km long, with a diameter of 720 mm. Inside the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the most significant oil pipeline connects the Ardalinskoye and Kharyaginskoye fields (length 64 km, diameter 325 mm).

In the northern direction, oil supplies are carried out by OJSC Lukoil through the sea terminal in the area of ​​the village. Varandey, whose throughput capacity in 2005 was 1.5 million tons, and by 2010 should reach 12-14 million tons.

According to the head of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports NAO Lina Gushchina, presenting a draft regulatory document, they will be united on the basis of the Nenets Museum of Local Lore into one institution "Museum Association NAO“Museums of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug”. As the head of the relevant department explained, this will allow combining the functions of rural museums.

- Funds that are currently spent on the administrative functions of institutions will be redistributed to strengthen the material and technical base of the museum association. The merger of institutions will not affect the work of specialized specialists, - explained Lina Gushchina, emphasizing that the reorganization of museums will eliminate duplication of functions in all areas of museum activity from research to scientific education.

This will allow us to develop human resources and expand the ability to use staff.

According to the head of the department, the position of director of the Nenets Museum of Local Lore is currently vacant, so it is planned that the museum association will be headed by the head of the Pustozersk Museum.

- Museum specialists will remain at their jobs and continue to work as before. Two specialists will be asked to retrain, - added Lina Gushchina,

The draft order was supported by members of the Administration NAO unanimously. Chapter NAO Alexander Tsybulsky asked to hold a meeting with the museum community and tell people why this decision was made.

© 2019 Administration of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

04.06.2019 08:59

June 3, on the square named after V.I. Lenin there was a picket organized by activists of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, in which more than 70 people took part.

The reason for this form of expressing demands is the situation that has developed around the Naryan-Mar airline.

03.06.2019 21:46

03.06.2019 16:17

The auction for the provision of services for the arrangement and maintenance of places of mass recreation for the population (beaches) will be held on June 13. The initial (maximum) contract price is 1,215,700.00 rubles.

Work on the arrangement and maintenance of a place for mass recreation of the population (beach) is carried out on the intersettlement territory of the municipal formation "Municipal District" Zapolyarny District ", Lake "Goluboe" district, in the south-eastern part of the lake, on a land plot of 3,000 sq.m., having coordinates: 670 39′ 41′′ N, 530 12′ 50′′ E.

31.05.2019 11:46

29.05.2019 11:18

28.05.2019 11:50

26.05.2019 11:03

The plot of land intended for this purpose in the village of Iskateley (Gazovikov Lane) is currently surrounded by a fence and equipped with a video surveillance system. The opportunity to place cars for sale is available now

24.05.2019 11:55

The investigative bodies of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation for the Arkhangelsk Region and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug have initiated criminal cases against the director of the state budgetary cultural institution of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, suspected of committing a crime under paragraph “c” of Part 5 of Article 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (receipt by an official bribes on a large scale), his friend - under clause “b”, part 3 of Art. 291.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (mediation in bribery) and in relation to the general director of a commercial organization under clause “b”, part 4 of Article 291 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (giving a bribe on a large scale).

23.05.2019 09:59

WWF Russia will continue to provide support and develop a system of bear patrols in remote settlements of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. This decision was made after meetings with residents of the villages of Amderma, Varnek, Ust-Kara and with employees of the Fedorov weather station.

Coastal settlements NAO visited by experts from WWF Russia, specialists from the Institute of Ecology and Evolution named after. A.N. Severtsov, Department of Natural Resources, Ecology and Agro-Industrial Complex NAO. The expedition consists of 7 experts. The first stop is the village of Amderma, 350 people live here. The area of ​​the settlement is large, there is a school, kindergarten and other social facilities. There are also many abandoned hangars and houses where polar bears often visit.

“Bears often come to us. I remember I was at home and heard dogs barking. I looked out the window and saw a bear walking along the road. Huge, like a car. That day I didn’t go to work, I waited for our inspectors to scare him away.”, says a resident of the village of Amderma Nadezhda Ippolitova.

The bear patrol in Amderma consists of six specially trained public inspectors who are ready to respond as quickly as possible to the appearance of polar bears in the village. Volunteers said that for more efficient work, walkie-talkies are needed for stable communication between inspectors.

“Whoever is free, not at work, is the one who scares away. There are means for this. Carbine, shotguns, rocket launcher. If a bear comes in, then this news spreads throughout the village by word of mouth. Everyone calls each other, warns, but sometimes mobile communications fail, the Internet does not always work well, especially in the vicinity of the village,” tells public inspector Eduard Davletshin.

With the support of the World Wildlife Fund, two years ago, patrol officers were given an ATV, but due to interruptions in fuel supplies, it is not always possible to use it.

“We don’t use flares or bullets. The most effective remedy for us is the mechanical actions and noise of equipment, for example, a running car. Hearing the sounds of the engine, the bear immediately leaves,” – says a local resident of Amderma.

Next, the expedition members met with residents of the village of Ust-Kara, on the shores of the Kara Sea. This requires modernization of the warning system. There is a loudspeaker, but it has been faulty for several years and requires additional power. Bears always appear unexpectedly and you should immediately inform local residents about this.

Evgenia Amelichkina, head of the municipal formation “Karsky Village Council” of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug: “ One day, I woke up to a phone call early in the morning. Neighbors called and reported that a polar bear was lying on the roof of my house. Climbed up a high snowdrift. It became scary, of course, he might not have come to the village alone.The men scared him away and he ran away.”

Another point on the route is the village of Varnek on Vaygach Island. Experts discussed with local residents a project for installing an Arctic residential module, in which scientists could stay for a long time and observe the polar predator, and government inspectors could monitor compliance with the regime of the Vaygach nature reserve. Now, to monitor the surroundings of the village, local “patrol” officers use a snowmobile, which they received last year as part of a WWF-Russia project.

Tells public inspector Alexander Valey: “I often meet bears. I've seen more than 20 this winter. I photograph them and monitor their behavior. I transfer all data to the Center for Nature Management and Environmental Protection NAO. I would like to do more, I’m ready to help study the polar bear.”

Specialists from the Fedorov estate weather station, which is located in the north of Vaygach Island, are also involved in bear monitoring. Thanks to the support of the World Wildlife Fund, there are bars on the windows and a video surveillance system - 6 cameras around the perimeter of the house. Also in the arsenal of polar explorers are rocket launchers, flares and rubber bullets.

"Look at the photos! Bears are frequent guests and come very close to the station. With the new video surveillance system, of course, our work has become calmer. Without going outside, we can inspect the area around the house,” tells Yulia Morozova, Meteorological technician at the weather station named after. Fedorov.

According to meteorologists, the polar bears that enter the station are not aggressive, but rather show curiosity. However, with the support of the World Wildlife Fund, in the near future the territory of the weather station will be surrounded by a high fence in order to protect workers as much as possible.

“People who live in the polar bear’s habitat should always be on alert. They must have all the means to scare away animals and inform the local population. In each village - Amderma, Varnek and Ust-Kara - we met with local residents and selected those who were ready to take responsibility and strengthen bear patrols, and respond quickly if a polar bear appeared in the village. People, in turn, expressed their wishes for the technical equipment of populated areas,”

The most sparsely populated region of the country, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, is located in the north-west of its Eastern European part. You can get an idea of ​​the district, consider its borders, cities and other objects using a satellite map of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The lands between Pechora and Ugra are mentioned in chronicles dating back to the 9th-10th centuries. The indigenous population (Nenets) moved here from the banks of the Ob, but after some time came under the control of the Novgorod princes, who constantly collected tribute from the northern regions.

If you look at the map of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug with diagrams, it becomes clear that most of the land is located in the Arctic. The district shares borders with:

• Arkhangelsk region;
• Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug;
• Republic of Komi.

The district owns several islands and peninsulas. The northernmost territories of the district are limited by the waters of the Arctic Ocean. Maps of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug with regions display all objects. You can easily find cities, and by zooming in, see in detail the streets, the location of buildings, find train stations, shops, and administrative offices. The card is an indispensable assistant in travel, business trips, and tourist trips. Load the map into your smartphone or tablet and view any object at its maximum magnification.

Districts on the map of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Everything on the territory of the district is unique - nature, indigenous culture and even territorial division. This is the only region in the country in which only 1 district is territorially allocated - Zapolyarny. There are 19 villages on its territory. All other villages in the region are not included in the district, but belong to the urban district. The detailed map of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug shows even small-sized villages.

Rivers flowing in the area:

• Lunvozh;
• Pechora;
• Voyvozh;
• Cher-Vozh.

The main administrative unit here is the village of Iskateley. The village has television, radio broadcasting, partial cellular coverage, and there are bus routes connecting the village with the city of Naryan-Mar. In the settlements that are displayed on the map of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the number of residents is very small. Just over 1,500 people inhabit the village of Krasnoye alone, while in other villages it is even smaller.

Transport links in the district are poorly developed. Only 28% of all roads have asphalt surface. Road transport links with other regions are interrupted by weather conditions, and sometimes are absent for a long time. Look at the location of the main roads in detail on the map of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and you will be convinced of the paucity of transport options.

The main burden when moving residents and guests of the region falls on air transport. Some villages can be reached by helicopter, and from the airport you can fly by plane to cities such as:

• Arkhangelsk;
• Saint Petersburg;
• Pechora;
• Moscow.

Along the rivers of the region, the villages that are indicated on the map with the villages of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug can also be reached by river transport, but navigation lasts for a very short period - from mid-June to October.

Map of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug with cities and villages

When you try to find a city on a map, you will be surprised. There is only one settlement with this status here. Naryan-Mar is the “heart” of the district in the literal sense. This is a commercial port that provides life for the Arctic region. As the map with the cities and villages of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug shows, you can only come here by car along the Laya-Voyazhskaya road, which stretches from the east and is a “winter road”.

The city has its own few attractions:

• administration and post office buildings;
• monument to the sailors of the steamship "Komsomolets";
• monument to reindeer herders;
• house of culture.

The city's population slightly exceeds 20 thousand people. The main nationalities are Nenets and Russians. Over the past 10 years, modern, comfortable houses have appeared in the city, which can be found on a map with settlements of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Also, using the online service, you can find main streets, access roads to the port and airport.

Economy and industry of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug

The region's economy is based on oil and gas production and traditional industries. The district contains the largest oil and gas condensate fields:

• Khasyreyskoe;
• Tedinskoe;
• Toraveyskoe;
• Kharyaginskoe.

In total, the region is already producing at 96 fields and is developing more than 20 more.

On Yandex maps of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug you can see large, undeveloped territories that are occupied by pastures. More than 2 thousand people are involved in reindeer husbandry, mainly representatives of the indigenous peoples of the region. There are also more than 10 fishing cooperatives with their own trawl fleet. There are several processing plants within Naryan-Mar.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug belongs to the regions of the Far North. The climate is universally subarctic, turning into arctic in the far north: the average January temperature is from −3 °C in the far north to −22 °C in the southeast, the average July temperature is from +6 °C in the north to +16 °C in the south; precipitation - about 350 mm per year; permafrost. The Nenets District is subject to systematic invasion of Atlantic and Arctic air masses. Frequent changes in air masses are the cause of constant weather variability. In winter and autumn, winds with a southern component predominate, and in summer - northern and northeastern ones, caused by the invasion of cold arctic air onto the heated continent, where atmospheric pressure is low at this time. The air temperature in summer is determined by the amount of solar radiation and therefore naturally increases from north to south. The average July temperature in Naryan-Mar is +12° C. In the cold half of the year, the main factor in the temperature regime is the transfer of heat from the Atlantic, so there is a distinct decrease in temperature from west to east. The average January temperature in Naryan-Mar is −18° C, winter lasts on average 220-240 days. The entire territory of the district is located in the zone of excess moisture. Annual precipitation ranges from 400 mm (on the coasts of the seas and on the Arctic islands) to 700 mm. The minimum precipitation is observed in February, the maximum in August - September. At least 30% of precipitation falls in the form of snow, and permafrost is present.

Nenets Autonomous Okrug was formed July 15, 1929 Resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee based on the will of the Nenets people.

The territory of the district is 176.7 thousand sq. km. Within its current borders, the district borders on the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Komi Republic and the Mezensky district of the Arkhangelsk region; from the north, the border runs along the coast of the White, Barents and Kara seas, including adjacent islands that are not included in the jurisdiction of the Arkhangelsk region. The administrative center of the district is the city of Naryan-Mar.

Economy of the region

Production of gross regional product

The region's economy is single-industry in nature, and the main increase in the gross regional product is provided by oil production.

In 2013–2014, compared to 2012, a slight increase in the physical volume of the gross regional product is projected to be 4.5%, which is due to the stabilization of oil prices, the growth of the dollar, as well as a slight increase in oil production in the district associated with the projected commissioning of fields named after . R. Trebs and them. A. Titov and reaching an industrial level of production at the field of the Central Khoreyver uplift (blocks No. 1, 2, 3, 4).

Industrial production

According to the territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (hereinafter referred to as the territorial statistics body), in 2012 the industrial production index is an aggregated production index by type of economic activity “mining”, “manufacturing”, “production and distribution of electricity, gas and water” amounted to 89.4% of the 2011 level. The decrease in the production index is due to a decrease in oil production. Since 2013, there has been a slight increase in this indicator by 10.1%, due to the start of the implementation of investment projects related to oil production.

Mining:

In 2012, oil production amounted to 13.5 thousand tons; in 2013, there was a slight decrease compared to the previous year by 1.5%, which is due to a drop in production volumes from one of the largest companies operating in the region. In 2014 - 2016, oil production in the region will increase to 15%, thanks to the commissioning of new fields, namely, as part of trial operation, it is planned to begin oil production at the South Toraveyskoye oil field (NGK Development of Regions LLC). Also, as part of trial operation in 2014, it is planned to begin production at new fields of JSC Rusvietpetro LLC - Severo-Sikhoreyskoye, Syurkharatinskoye, Urernyrdskoye.

In 2015, it is planned to begin oil production at the field named after. A. Titova.

The natural resource potential of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a reliable basis for sustainable long-term large-scale development of the district's productive forces and is distinguished by significant reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials (oil, natural gas, gas condensate).

On the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the State Balance of Reserves takes into account 89 hydrocarbon fields: 77 oil fields, 6 oil and gas condensate fields, 1 gas and oil field, 4 gas condensate fields.

As of October 1, 2013, 101 licenses are in force for the right to use subsoil for the purpose of geological study, exploration and production of hydrocarbons in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, including 21 licenses for the purpose of geological study (SP).

In total, as of October 1, 2013, 27 subsoil users are license holders in the district, of which 3 subsoil users are license holders only for the right to geological exploration of subsoil.

The main oil producing enterprises operating in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug are: Rosneft OJSC, LUKOIL-Komi LLC, Polar Lights Company LLC, Total Exploration Development Russia JSC, Naryanmarneftegaz LLC.

Manufacturing:

Four enterprises are engaged in industrial processing of agricultural products in the district. The processing of venison and cattle meat is carried out by OJSC "Myasoprodukty", milk - by OJSC "Vita", OJSC "Nenets Agro-Industrial Company", fish - by LLC "Argus".

The main goal of OJSC “Myasoproducts” is to ensure primary processing of raw materials produced by agricultural producers of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the production of sausages and semi-finished meat products to provide them to the population of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The company employs over 180 people.

The financial and economic condition of the enterprise is characterized as stable.

The enterprise is actively working to expand the range and improve the quality of its products, the sales volume of which is increasing from year to year. Despite the fact that commercial organizations and entrepreneurs import meat products from other producers into the district, OJSC “Myasoproducts” does not experience significant difficulties in selling its products due to their high quality and biological value. The recognition of the products of OJSC “Myasoproducts” is evidenced by the numerous awards received by the company at interregional and all-Russian competitions.

The existing facilities of OJSC "Myasoprodukty" can process meat and venison up to 700 tons in slaughter weight. Based on the regional reindeer population growing from year to year, and the forecast for the development of reindeer husbandry until 2020, in the future it is planned to expand, technically re-equip and modernize the enterprise.

Processing of dairy products is carried out both by agricultural producers themselves and by OJSC Nenets Agro-Industrial Company and OJSC Vita. The range of products includes more than 20 items.

Argus LLC processes and sells fish in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The assortment of Argus LLC includes 39 types.

To develop and achieve positive results in the fishing industry, the authorities have taken measures to include in the list of priority projects of the North-Western Federal District the investment project “Construction of a fish hatchery for the reproduction and replenishment of whitefish species in the Nenets Autonomous District. The implementation of this project will make it possible to build a new modern fish processing complex, provide the district with high-quality and wide range of fish products, and create about 100 new jobs. As a result of the construction of fish receiving stations and a fishmeal production plant, the amount of fish produced will increase, and up to 160 people will be employed in fishing in rural settlements.

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water:

The main enterprises generating electricity for the needs of the region are: State Unitary Enterprise NAO Naryan-Mar Power Plant, municipal enterprise of the Polar Region Severzhilkomservice, power plants of agricultural producers; enterprises generating thermal energy are: Naryan-Mar municipal unitary enterprise of integrated boiler houses and heating networks, search municipal unitary enterprise "Poszhilkomservice", enterprise of the Zapolyarny region "Severzhilkomservice".

Oil producing enterprises generate electrical and thermal energy for their own needs.

In 2012, the population consumed 40.4 million kW of electricity. h, which is 1.0% lower than in 2011, by other consumers 68.6 million kWh, which is 0.6% higher than in 2011. In 2013-2014, there was an increase in consumption by an average of 3.0%.

Construction

On the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the long-term target program of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug “Housing” for 2011-2022 is being implemented,” within the framework of which the following indicators will be achieved:

The resettlement of 1.5 thousand families was ensured and 116.1 thousand square meters were demolished. meters of housing unsuitable for living, including at the first stage: 752 families (2022 people) were resettled and 69.5 thousand square meters were demolished. meters, at the second stage: 762 families (2051 people) were resettled and 46.6 thousand square meters were demolished. meters;

The total area of ​​residential premises built (acquired) within the framework of the subprogram “Resettlement of citizens of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug from housing stock recognized as unsuitable for living and/or with a high level of wear and tear” is 83.0 thousand square meters;

The number of families who have improved their housing conditions within the framework of the subprogram “Construction (purchase) of residential premises in order to provide citizens under social tenancy agreements and rental agreements with specialized residential premises” is 3.57 thousand families;

The increase in the total area of ​​residential premises is 185 thousand square meters or 118.7% of the total area of ​​housing at the beginning of the implementation of the subprogram “Construction (acquisition) of residential premises in order to provide citizens under social tenancy agreements and rental agreements with specialized residential premises”;

The level of provision with total housing area per person is 27 square meters or 118% of the indicator at the beginning of the subprogram “Construction (purchase) of residential premises in order to provide citizens under social tenancy agreements and rental agreements with specialized residential premises.”

International trade

Exports of goods in 2013 compared to the same period last year increased by 2.0% and amounted to 4.8 billion US dollars, by 2016 it will increase to 5.4 billion US dollars. At the same time, almost all exports are carried out to non-CIS countries. The growth in exports is directly related to the expansion of oil production in the district. The basis of exports from the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is crude oil, the rest is fish. The overwhelming majority of imports is made up of machinery and equipment purchased by oil producing companies for the development of fields.

Consumer market

Retail trade turnover in 2013 compared to the same period last year increased by 4.3% and amounted to 6,727.7 million rubles; in 2014-2016, this figure will increase annually in comparable prices by 4-5 percent. This is due to the growth of household incomes and the increase in the range and quality of goods offered by trading organizations. The volume of public catering turnover in 2013-2016 is expected to be at the level of 2012.

The structure of paid services to the population is dominated by utilities and passenger transport services, however, during the forecast period, the share of housing and utility services is increasing. The volume of paid services provided by cultural and physical culture and sports institutions has increased significantly, which is associated with the commissioning of new facilities, in particular, a new ice palace has been built, and a new cultural and leisure center is being used at full capacity.

ODS in the region

The regulatory impact assessment in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug officially began on January 1, 2014. At the end of 2013, an RIA was carried out on two draft regulatory legal acts in order to identify difficulties associated with the implementation of the procedure for conducting RIA. All documents are posted on the official portal of the authorized body at http://dfei.adm-nao.ru/orv.

In accordance with the Federal Law of July 2, 2013 No. 176-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power of the Subjects of the Russian Federation” and Articles 7 and 46 of the Federal Law “On General Principles of Organization local self-government in the Russian Federation" on the issues of assessing the regulatory impact of draft regulatory legal acts and the examination of regulatory legal acts" by the law of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug dated 07.10.2013 No. 98-oz "On amendments to the law of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug" On regulatory legal acts of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug » Article 23.1 was introduced, establishing, from January 1, 2014, the procedure and procedures for interaction between executive authorities of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug in the preparation of draft regulatory legal acts of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug as part of the assessment of the regulatory impact of draft regulatory legal acts of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (hereinafter referred to as RIA) and examination regulatory legal acts of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (hereinafter referred to as the examination of legal acts).

By Decree of the Administration of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug dated October 30, 2013 No. 382-p “On the implementation of procedures for assessing the regulatory impact of draft regulatory legal acts of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the examination of regulatory legal acts of the current regulatory legal acts of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug”, the Economic Development Department of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug was determined to be the executive body of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug district authorized to implement the RIA procedure (hereinafter referred to as the authorized body) and the Regulations were approvedon the procedure for assessing the regulatory impact of draft regulatory legal acts of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the examination of existing regulatory legal acts of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The RIA is carried out in order to identify provisions that introduce excessive obligations, prohibitions and restrictions for business and investment entities or contribute to their introduction, as well as provisions that contribute to the emergence of unreasonable expenses of business and investment entities and the district budget of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

RIA is a set of procedures that allows the developer of regulatory decisions in the process of preparing draft regulatory legal acts to consider the widest possible range of possible regulatory measures, assess the costs and benefits of both the recipients of regulation (entrepreneurs, investors, citizens) and budgets of all levels, eliminate administrative barriers, propose the most effective solution, as well as evaluate its possible consequences.

As part of the implementation of the RIA procedure, the authorized body carries out:

control over the implementation of the procedure for conducting the RIA procedure by the bodies that developed the draft regulatory legal act of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug;

regulatory, legal, information and methodological support for the RIA procedure;

quality control of the execution of procedures and preparation of opinions on RIA by the bodies that developed the draft regulatory legal act of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, including quality control of public consultations;

assessing the actual impact of existing government regulation;

involving the business community in discussions of draft regulatory legal acts as part of the RIA;

conclusion of Agreements on interaction during the conduct of RIA between the authorized body and regional associations of entrepreneurs;

preparation of periodic information on the development and results of the RIA procedure in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug;

placement on the official website of the Economic Development Department of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug on the “Regulatory Impact Assessment” page of information about the conduct of RIA.

Most of the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located beyond the Arctic Circle. It includes the islands of Kolguev and Vaygach.

Story

The first scientist to explore these lands in 1837 was the Russian botanist Alexander Shrenk. He passed Pechora, reached Yugorsky Shar, reached the island, crossed Pai-Khoi, and from there returned to St. Petersburg through Pustozersk. How difficult it was to do this can be seen from the fact that even a hundred years later, in 1930, the detachment of geologist Nikolai Jordansky spent more than two months just on the road from Moscow to the mouth of the Vorkuta River, which flows into the Usa.

Pomeranian industrialists often became the organizers of expeditions: for example, Mikhail Sidorov in the mid-19th century, who sent his own expedition to Pechora, which discovered that “the coast of the Pechora River is replete with layers of coal lying in lumps on the ground.”

The explorers of the region were not only selfless people, but also often selfless. In 1913, an expedition to the Verkhneusinsk region, which included local political exiles, refused payment for their labor for the sake of science. Local guides and workers in Russian expeditions of the early 20th century. They also didn’t take payment for work in money, preferring... salt: the places here are fishy, ​​but there is no salt. And today, salt is delivered to Naryan-Mar via the Northern Sea Route.

The region faces three seas of the Arctic Ocean. Dunes and coastal ramparts stretch along the sea coast, and there are erseis: the local name for deflation basins.

Over 3/4 of the territory is occupied by swampy tundra: Bolshezemelskaya, Pripechorye and Malozemelskaya (Timanskaya). Mainly birch and moss grow in it, in river valleys there are dense thickets of willow, on peat hillocks there are dwarf birch trees, a lot of cloudberries and blueberries, and mushrooms. But despite all this, there is the dominance of vileness, from which both people and animals suffer. The first explorers of the local tundra complained: “You can’t get a spoon to your mouth, the soup in it is moving from mosquitoes.”

There is an abundance of fish in the rivers and lakes, including grayling. There are many birds: tundra and white partridge, various types of geese and ducks, swan, polar owl. The dominant mammals are reindeer, arctic fox and lemming.

In the extreme northeast there is the Pai-Khoi ridge with mountains over 400 m. The southern regions are occupied by forest-tundra, which is characterized by spruce and larch 3-4 m high with a crown curved by the north wind. In the far southwest there is the taiga, where elk, brown bear, and lynx live. Typical birds include the tiger owl, three-toed woodpecker, and hawk owl.

There are many small rivers and small thermokarst and glacial lakes in the region.

The main river and main waterway in the tundra, the river is navigable in the summer season. Along it, sea vessels from the Barents Sea ascend to the city of Naryan-Mar, the administrative center of the district. To protect rare Arctic flora and fauna in the Pechora delta, the Nenets Nature Reserve was created.

The Nenets National Okrug itself was formed in 1929.

The development of the region accelerated significantly in the 1970-1980s, when large deposits of oil and natural gas were discovered, including on the offshore shelf.

The population of the district lives mainly near Pechora.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a very rich region, but difficult to access. There is tundra everywhere, through which cars can only pass in winter, but they managed to lay a pipeline through it. In the north are the seas of the Arctic Ocean, through which only everything necessary for the life and work of the city can be delivered to Naryan-Mar.

“Naryan-Mar, my Naryan-Mar, a town neither big nor small, near Pechora by the river...” is sung in a famous song. However, for the Nenets Autonomous Okrug it is almost a metropolis; its significance in the life of the district is enormous.

The settlement of the lands of the present Nenets Autonomous Okrug began no later than 9 thousand years BC. BC: archaeological finds in the area of ​​the Pymvashor River and the village of Kharuta date back to this period.

The Nenets belong to the tundra group of this people with migrations to the forest-tundra only in winter and speak the tundra dialect of the Nenets language. The name Nenets is a modified self-name “Nenets” (person).

The Nenets are one of the Samoyed peoples: hence the formerly common name “Samoyeds”. At the beginning of the first millennium, the Samodians occupied forest-steppe areas from the eastern spurs of the Urals to the Sayan Highlands. In the II-IV centuries. under the onslaught of nomads - the Huns and Turks - they were forced into the tundra. The Pechora tribes already lived here, long before the Samoyeds they had mastered the European North and laid the foundations of the tundra paleoculture. The Samoyeds displaced them or partially assimilated with them.

The assimilation process turned out to be lengthy. Legends about “siirtya” (small tundra aborigines living underground) have survived to this day, in which they appear to be real people with whom the ancestors of the Nenets fought and started families. Legends describe them as living in the tundra before the arrival of the Nenets. Most likely, this was the disappeared Pechora tribe, although ufology enthusiasts view them as descendants of aliens.

These legends occupy an important place in Nenets mythology. In their view, the earth is motionless, but the sky moves. The Universe is divided into three worlds - Upper, Middle and Lower. In the Upper, in the sky, lives the supreme god Num. The middle one is the earth, it is alive, every hill, river and lake has an owner - a spirit. The lower one is under seven layers of permafrost, Na, the spirit of illness and death, rules there, and the souls of the dead move into it.

At the turn of the XII-XIII centuries. The Russian Pomors learned about the Nenets, exploring the European North on kochas - wooden single-masted boats with a straight sail and several pairs of oars.

Then the Novgorod Republic, in its period of greatest prosperity, included these lands; its extreme eastern borders ran along the Northern Urals.

In 1478, the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III subjugated and incorporated the republic into the Moscow state. To consolidate positions on the extreme northern borders, Ivan III in 1499 ordered the founding of Pustozersk, which became the first Russian city beyond the Arctic Circle (27 km southwest of modern Naryan-Mar). Until 1780, Pustozersk was the administrative, trade, cultural and religious center of the Pechora region. And also a place of reference. The most famous exile was Archpriest Avvakum, the most prominent leader of the Old Believers. From here he sent letters to his supporters for 14 years, cursing the kings and the patriarch, for which he was burned in a hut. In 1620, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich closed the sea route to Siberia for foreign traders; in the 17th-18th centuries. The devastating raids of the “haryuchi” - the Trans-Ural Nenets - became more frequent, the Gorodets Shar channel became shallow, which made it difficult to approach the city by water. Since the 18th century Pustozersk gradually lost its significance, in 1924 it lost its city status and was finally abandoned in 1962. In Naryan-Mar and Telvisk, streets were named in honor of Pustozersk.

Naryan-Mar is located in the lower reaches of Pechora, about 100 km from the Barents Sea. It is the capital and only city of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, almost 70% of the population lives there. Naryan-Mar is one of the few cities on earth beyond the Arctic Circle. Winter lasts 240 days a year; the last snow melts at the end of July. For two months of the year, in December and January, it is plunged into the long polar night. In winter, frosts drop to -45°C; in December, the aurora lights shimmer over the city with all colors. Translated from the Nenets language, Naryan-Mar means “red city”. The symbol of the polar city was the post office building, built back in 1950 and topped with a turret in the shape of a Nenets tent.

Naryan-Mar today is an important transport hub of the region, an airport, and a commercial port on the Northern Sea Route.

general information

Location : north-west of the European part of the Russian Federation, shore of the Arctic Ocean.
Administrative affiliation : Northwestern Federal District.

Administrative division : the city of district subordination of Naryan-Mar, Zapolyarny district and the urban-type settlement of Iskateley.
Administrative center : Naryan-Mar - 24,535 people. (2016).

Educated: 1929
Languages: Russian, Nenets.
Ethnic composition : Russians - 63.31%, Nenets - 17.83%, Komi - 8.61%, Ukrainians - 2.34% (2010).
Religions: Orthodoxy, shamanism.
Currency unit : Russian ruble.
Rivers: Pechora, Vizhas, Oma, Sheaf, Pesha, Wolonga, Indiga, Chernaya, More-Yu.
Lakes: Vashutkins, Golodnaya Guba, Gorodetskoye, Varsh, Nes.
Airport: federal significance Naryan-Mar.
Neighboring subjects of the Russian Federation and water areas : in the north - the White, Barents and Kara Seas, including adjacent islands not included in the jurisdiction of the Arkhangelsk region; in the east - the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the south - the Komi Republic, in the west - the Arkhangelsk region.

Numbers

Square: 176,810 km 2 .
Length: from north to south - about 315 km and from west to east - more than 900 km.
Population: 43,838 people (2016).
Population density : 0.25 people/km 2 .
Urban population : 72.4% (2016).
Length of sea coastline : about 3000 km.
Highest point : 423 m, Mount Moreiz (Wesay-Pe, Pai-Khoi ridge).

Distance (Naryan-Mar) : 660 km east of Arkhangelsk, 1501 km northeast of Moscow.

Climate and weather

Subarctic, in the extreme northeast - arctic.
Cool summers, cold long winters.
Average January temperature : -12°C in the south, -22°C in the northeast.
Average temperature in July : +13°C in the south, +6°C in the northeast.
Average annual precipitation : from north to south 370-500 mm.
Average annual relative humidity : from south to north 75-85%.

Economy

GRP: 183.7 billion rubles. (2014), per capita - 4,252,400 rubles. (2016).
Minerals : oil, natural gas, coal, fluorite, iron, manganese, titanium, diamonds, peat, building materials, mineral springs.
Industry: oil refining, forestry (lumber), food (fish processing, dairy, meat processing plant).

Seaport of Naryan-Mar.
Agriculture : livestock husbandry (reindeer husbandry, fur cage farming), crop farming (potatoes, vegetables, turnips).
Sea fishing and sea hunting.
Traditional crafts : sewing burkas, producing souvenirs.
Services sector: tourist, transport (including shipping on Pechora), trade.

Attractions

Natural

Kolguev and Vaygach Islands

Kara meteorite crater

Lake Golodnaya Guba