Ethnographic map. Russians in the Russian Federation

When you click on some maps, a larger version appears.

Russians in the Russian Federation

Ethnic map of the USSR 1974.

Ethnographic map of the USSR 1962

Russians (European part) in 1958

Dialectical maps of Russians in the 20th century (1914 and 1965)

Ethnographic map of the USSR 1930

"Europa Ethnograpfica", "Touring Club Italiano", 1929

clickable ~9.55MB

Ethnic map of Europe in 1923

"Map of the Race of Europe", Edwin A. Grosvenor, LL.D. & Gilbert Grosvenor, A.M., National Geographic Magazine, Washington, 1919

clickable ~7.27MB

"Cart Ethnographique de L'Europe", J.Gabris, “Institut Geographique Kummerly&Frey”, Berne, 1918

clickable ~9.15MB

"Volkerkarte von Europa", Arthur Haberlandt & G. Freytags, Vienna, 1915

clickable ~8.46MB

Ethnic map of the Russian Empire, early 20th century

Ethnographic map of the Asian part of Russia 1905

Ethnographic map of the European part of the Russian Empire, 1898.

"Ethnographische karte von Europa""Brockhaus Konversations-Lexikon" , 14th Edition, Leipzig, 1892-1895

clickable ~2.63MB

"Europa. Volker- und Sprachenkart""Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" , 4th Edition, Leipzig, 1885-1890

clickable ~0.73MB

"Carte Ethnographique de L'Europe", J.Geisendorfer, “La Géographie militaire de A.Marga”, Paris, 1885

clickable ~3.01MB

"Volkerkarte von Russland"

clickable ~8.83MB

"Volkerkarte von Asien", Richard Andree, Leipzig, 1881

clickable ~8.88MB

"Ethnographic map of Europe", Richard Andrew, 1895

clickable ~9.22MB

A.F. Rittich. Map of Western and Southern Slavs. 1885

(Rittich F.A. Slavic world. Historical and geographical research. Warsaw, 1885.)

A.F. Rittich. Ethnographic map of European Russia. 1875

"Ethnographische Karte von Europa", Heinrich Berghaus, Gotha, 1847

clickable ~8.92MB

East Slavic languages ​​in 1389

Various Russophobic dreamers should also know this information:

"According to the research results, two groups of Russian populations are distinguished . In particular, northern Russians Y-chromosomal markers have a more pronounced similarity to distant ones Balts than with closer ones Finno-Ugric peoples. By mtDNA Northern Russians have similarities in gene pools Western and Central Europe . At the same time, the gene pool of the Finnish peoples is as distant as possible from the northern Russians. Studying autosomal markers also brings northern Russians closer to other European peoples and casts doubt on the Finno-Ugric layer in the northern Russian gene pool. These data allow us to put forward a hypothesis about the preservation of ancient Paleo-European substrate that experienced intense migrations of ancient Slavic tribes . According to research results Y chromosome markers The South-Central group, to which the vast majority of Russian populations belong, is included in a common cluster with

Ethnographic map

Ethnographic map

map of the location of ethnic groups, elements of their traditional material and spiritual culture. The map reflects the number of ethnic groups, their belonging to a particular race, origin (ethnogenesis), development and settlement. In addition, they show the distribution of languages ​​(language groups), dialects, religions, beliefs and religious rituals, the nature of farming, crafts, features of housing, clothing, food, etc. In some cases, maps convey the interaction of ethnic groups with the environment and interethnic relationship.

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

See what an “ethnographic map” is in other dictionaries:

- (Italian carta, Latin charta paper). 1) a rectangular piece of paper on which signs of one of the four card suits are depicted. 2) drawing of the sky, earth, sea, etc. (geographic maps). 3) a list of foods and drinks in hotels. Dictionary… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

MAP, cards, women. (German Karte, from Latin charta). 1. A drawing of part of the earth’s surface, the same as a land map (geographical map). A map of Europe. || The same with primary consideration, according to the rules of cartography, of certain special features... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

MAP, s, female. 1. Drawing of the surface of the Earth, a celestial body or the starry sky. Map scale. Political K. Europe. Ethnographic history of the world. K. Moon. Astronomical card 2. One of the dense sheets of deck 2, differing in suits (in 2 values), ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

map- s; and. see also cards, card 1) a) Drawing of the earth's surface. Geographic map. Map scale. Map the shores of the bay. Ethnographic, p... Dictionary of many expressions

Y; and. 1. Drawing of the earth's surface. Geographic map. Map scale. Map the shores of the bay. Ethnographic, political, maritime (such a drawing with primary consideration of one or another special feature). // Drawing of the starry sky... encyclopedic Dictionary

An ethnographic map of Eastern and Western Thrace at the beginning of the 20th century (1912) shows how varied the ethnic composition of the population of the region where the Bulgarians lived was not so long ago... Wikipedia

Russia is a multinational state. How many peoples live in Russia? Which of them are the most numerous? How are they distributed throughout the country? Let's find out about this further.

How many peoples live in Russia?

Russia covers a huge territory, stretching from Eastern Europe to Its area is 17,125,191 square kilometers, in terms of this size the country ranks first in the world.

In terms of population, Russia is in ninth position, with 146.6 million people. How many peoples live in Russia? It is difficult to give an exact figure, but there are approximately 190 of them, including the autochthonous population and small indigenous peoples.

The main source of data on the population of Russia is the census, which was conducted in 2010. The nationality of the country's citizens is not indicated in their passports, so data for the census was obtained based on the self-determination of the residents.

Slightly more than 80% of residents identified themselves as Russians; other nationalities accounted for 19.1%. Approximately five and a half million people did not indicate their nationality. Based on these data, the total number of peoples of Russia who do not consider themselves Russians amounted to 26.2 million people.

Ethnic composition

Russians are the titular population of the country; they predominate in most constituent entities of the Russian Federation. These include the Pomors, representing the subethnic group of Karelians and Russians in the White Sea region. The second largest people are the Tatars, which include the Mishars, Kryashens, Astrakhan and

The largest group of peoples are the Slavs, mainly Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles and Bulgarians. They belong to the Indo-European family, which in Russia is also represented by Romanesque, Greek, Germanic, Baltic, Iranian, Indo-Iranian and Armenian groups.

In total, the territory of the state is inhabited by peoples who belong to nine language families. In addition to Indo-European, these include:

• Altai;
• blue-tibetan;
• Ural-Yukaghir;
• Chukotka-Kamchatka;
• Yenisei;
• Kartvelian;
• Eskimo-Aleutian;
• North Caucasian.

The small peoples of Russia are represented by the Kerek (4 people), the Vod people (64), the Ents (227), the Ults (295), the Chulyms (355), the Aleuts (482), the Negidals (513), and the Orochs (596). These include peoples who belong to the Finno-Ugric, Samoyed, Turkic, Sino-Tibetan groups.

The largest nations of Russia are presented in the table below.

Map of the peoples of Russia

The country's population is heterogeneously distributed. How many peoples live in Russia and how they are located on its territory can be clearly demonstrated by the map below. The vast majority live in the area between St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk, Novorossiysk and Primorsky Krai, where all the largest cities are located.

The largest Tatars and Ukrainians mainly inhabit the southwestern part of the country. Ukrainians make up a large proportion of residents in the Chukotka and Khanty-Mansiysk districts, in the Magadan region.

As for the rest of the peoples of the Slavic group, the Poles and Bulgarians do not form large groups and are dispersedly settled. The Polish population lives compactly only in the Omsk region. Belarusians mostly inhabit the Moscow and St. Petersburg region, as well as the Kaliningrad region, Karelia, and the Khanty-Mansiysk district.

Tatars

The number of Tatars in Russia is more than 3% of the total population. A third of them live in the Republic of Tatarstan. Focal settlements are also located in the Ulyanovsk region, in the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, Bashkortostan, Tyumen, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Penza regions and in other subjects of the state.

Most Tatars are Sunni Muslims. Different groups of Tatars have linguistic differences, and also differ from each other in traditions and way of life. Their language belongs to the Turkic languages ​​of the Altai family; it has three dialects: Mishar (western), Kazan (middle), Siberian-Tatar (eastern). In the Republic of Tatarstan, Tatar is the official language.

The ethnonym “Tatars” appeared back in the 6th century among the Turkic tribes who called themselves that. After the conquest by the Golden Horde in the 13th century. the name spreads and already denotes the Mongols and the tribes conquered by them. Later the term was used to refer to nomads of Mongol origin. Having settled in the Volga region, these tribes called themselves Meselmans, Mishers, Bolgrs, Kazanls, etc., until in the 19th century they consolidated under the definition of “Tatars”.

Ukrainians

One of the East Slavic peoples, Ukrainians, lives mainly in the territory of the state of Ukraine, where its population is about 41 million people. Large Ukrainian diasporas are located in Russia, the USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Germany and other countries.

Including labor immigrants, approximately 5 million Ukrainians live in Russia. Most live in cities. Large centers of settlement of this ethnic group are located in Moscow and the Moscow region, Tyumen, Rostov, Omsk regions, in the Primorsky and Krasnodar territories, the Yamalo-Nenets district, etc.

The history of the peoples of Russia is not the same. Large-scale settlement of Russian territories by Ukrainians began during the existence of the empire. In the 16th-17th centuries, according to the royal decree, Cossacks, gunners, and archers from Ukraine and the Don were sent to Siberia and the Far East to develop lands. Later, peasants, townspeople, and representatives of the Cossack elders were exiled to them.

The intelligentsia moved to St. Petersburg of their own free will at a time when the city was the capital of the Russian Empire. Currently, Ukrainians represent the largest ethnic group in it after the Russians.

Bashkirs

The fourth largest people in Russia are the Bashkirs. The vast majority live in the Republic of Bashkortostan. They also inhabit the Tyumen, Kurgan, and Orenburg regions. The Bashkir language belongs to the Altai family and is divided into a southern and eastern dialect and several dialects.

According to anthropological characteristics, the people belong to the Subural and South Siberian (among the Eastern Bashkirs) racial types. They represent Caucasians with a share of Mongoloidity. By religious affiliation they are Sunni Muslims.

The origin is associated with the tribes of the Pechenegs (South Ural Bashkirs - Burzyans, Usergans), as well as the Cumans (Kypchaks, Kanlys) and the Volga Bulgars (Bulyars). Their ancestors inhabited the region of the Urals, Volga and Urals. The formation of the people was influenced by the Mongols and Tungus-Manchus.

Indigenous peoples

The country's indigenous population includes 48 peoples. They make up approximately 0.3% of the country's total population. About 12 of them are small and number less than a thousand people.

The small peoples of Russia predominantly inhabit the northern regions of the state, the Far East and Siberia. They often lead a traditional economy, engaging in reindeer herding, fishing, hunting and cattle breeding.

The largest indigenous people are the Nenets; they number almost 45 thousand people. They occupy the coastal zones of the Arctic Ocean and are divided into European and Asian. The people raise deer and live in chums - cone-shaped huts covered with birch bark and felt.

The Kereks have the smallest population and are represented by only four people according to the census. Half a century ago there were approximately 100 people. The main languages ​​for them are Chukchi and Russian, their native Kerek remained as a traditional passive language. In terms of their way of life and culture, they are similar to the Chukchi people, therefore they were subjected to assimilation with them.

Conclusion

Russia stretches for many kilometers from west to east, touching both the European and Asian parts of the continent. More than 190 peoples live on its vast territory. Russians are the most numerous and represent the country's titular nation.

Other large peoples are Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Avars, etc. Small indigenous peoples live in the state. The number of most of them does not exceed several thousand. The smallest are the Kereks, Enets, Ults, and Aleuts; they inhabit mainly the region of Siberia and the Far East.

The most interesting way to draw conclusions about the countries of the world and the people who inhabit them is through your own experience, that is, by going to these countries. However, large-scale research by sociologists makes it possible to expand the boundaries of consciousness without going beyond electronic geographic maps and remaining at the monitors. “My Planet” has selected 10 world maps that can change or confirm your idea of ​​some countries and the features of life in them.

IQ level

A map of the level of intelligence of peoples of 113 countries of the world, compiled based on the results of research by the British Richard Lynn and the Finnish Tatu Vanhanen.

Fact: Singapore was the smartest with an IQ of 108.

Paid maternity leave

A map based on statistics from American sociologist Jody Heymann from the United States shows which countries in the world provide parental leave and how long it lasts.

Fact: The United States is one of eight countries where there is no paid maternity leave. Other states that are unfriendly to new mothers include Palau, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga, Liberia and Suriname.

Population density

The map shows the number of inhabitants.

Fact: The top five “closest” countries included Monaco, Singapore, the Vatican, Malta and the Maldives.

Attitude towards foreigners

The map illustrates a World Economic Forum (WEF) report on global tourism trends published in 2013. Throughout the year, WEF experts asked people: “How welcome are foreign guests in your country?”

Fact: Three countries where people of other nationalities will feel comfortable are Iceland, New Zealand and Morocco. Bolivia, Venezuela and Russia welcome the least number of guests.

Freedom of the press

Each year, Reporters Without Borders ranks countries around the world on its Press Freedom Index, sending surveys to the world's news outlets, correspondents, journalists, researchers, lawyers and human rights activists. The questionnaire includes questions about direct attacks on journalists and media outlets and sources of pressure on the free press.

Fact: In 2013, the top five were Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg and Andorra. Russia was in 148th place.

Connections with the nearest major city

The map, published in NewScientist, is based on the time it takes to travel to the nearest city with a population of 50,000 or more by boat or land. The calculation model took into account factors that slow down movement (landscape features, border crossings, etc.). So, on 10% of the Earth's territory, travel time to the nearest big city will take more than 48 hours.

Fact: The most remote point on Earth is located on the Tibetan Plateau (coordinates 34.7°N, 85.7°E), it will take three weeks to get to the city of Lhasa or Korla, of which only a day by car, the remaining 20 days will have to be walked.

Coffee consumption

The map shows coffee consumption in kilograms per person per year, as estimated by the World Resources Institute. The average global coffee consumption per year around the world is 1.3 kg per person.

Fact: According to data for 2011, the top five coffee drinking countries included Finland (12 kg), Norway, Iceland, Denmark and the Netherlands. On average, a resident of Russia consumes 1.7 kg of coffee beans per year.

The map shows the percentage of the population that denies religion. As of 2009, there were 2.32% of atheists in the world (that is, 157,529,444 people).

Fact: The highest rate is in Korea, where there are 15.6% of atheists, Sweden is in second place (11.6%), and Mongolia is in third (8.3%). In Russia, 1.5% of the total population are atheists.

Global Peace Index

Experts from the Institute of Peace and the Center for Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Sydney evaluate the situation in the countries of the world according to 22 parameters, including both internal factors (level of violence, crime, etc.) and external factors (country’s international relations, military spending, etc.) .

Fact: According to data for 2012, the top five countries with the most peaceful conditions were Iceland, New Zealand, Denmark, Canada, and Japan. Russia ended up in 153rd place out of 158 possible.

Gender equality

The ranking, based on WEF data, demonstrates the gender gap in countries around the world. In other words, on the map you can see where women in the world have the most equal access to education systems, health care, and also have the most opportunities to fully participate in the political and economic life of the country.

Fact: For five years in a row, Iceland has been recognized as the leading country in terms of gender equality. As of 2013, it is followed by Finland, Norway, Sweden and the Philippines. Russia occupies 61st place in the overall ranking.

All of us, from school, are familiar with the catchphrase: “Russia is a prison of nations.” 13 peoples have already disappeared from the ethnographic map of Russia, and several dozen more are on the verge of extinction.

If there ever is a trial of the Russian Empire, then the main prosecutors, besides historians, should be ethnologists who will tell the court about how many peoples disappeared during the reign of the Russian tsars and Bolshevik leaders. 13 peoples have already disappeared from the ethnographic map of Russia, and several dozen more are on the verge of extinction. The empire needed land to soothe its pride, and the Russian tsars needed new subjects - obedient, not angry and ready to become a “single family.” In fact, they were supposed to become, contrary to their wishes, future Russians: official Russian historiography has been thoroughly cleaned up for the curious; in textbooks you will not find information, for example, about the 150-year Russian-Chukchi war or the long-term resistance of the peoples of Southern Siberia - the Khakass, Tuvans, Buryats.

All these peoples, who decided to defend their right to be free with the help of weapons, seemed to understand what awaited them in the future - that first they would be declared “Russians”, then they would be forcibly baptized, and the Bolsheviks would finish them off - they would be deprived of the opportunity to live as they had lived for many centuries ancestors: they were forbidden to hunt and fish, and engage in traditional crafts. Torn from their roots, inclined by the empire to Orthodoxy, by the Bolsheviks to atheism, the indigenous peoples of Siberia and the Far East were able to preserve only a little, in particular, shamanism, now perceived as exotic. And the disappeared and disappearing peoples turned into dead and still living exhibits of the museum of crimes of the Russian Empire.

Enumerating disappeared peoples is already a useless exercise, but try to imagine that 100-200 years ago peoples and tribes lived on the territory of the empire - the Ves, Golyad, Kamasins, Kerkets, Melanchlens, Merya, Meshchera, Motors, Muroma, Polovtsy, Ugrians, Chud Zavolochskaya, evremeysy. They, like larger nations, were conquered in order to become “Russian”, fulfilling the wishes of the Russian tsars to strengthen the Russian State and form the “Russian people”, which did not exist, but they really wanted it to exist. With each conquest of another territory, which was elegantly called the “gathering of Russian lands,” the population that remained alive after many years of resistance grew. The Muscovite kingdom, which in the 17th century consisted of only 4 million people, a couple of centuries later turned into an empire with a population of more than 100 million people, most of whom were subjected to forced assimilation.

For the sake of objectivity, it is still worth distinguishing between the policies of the Russian Empire and the Bolsheviks, although which of them is more monstrous is difficult to say. The empire seized territories, turning the population into “Russian Orthodox”; the Soviet government finished off the people with all kinds of prohibitions, turning them into the “Soviet people” - without faith, without history, without language and without culture. The entire Soviet people lived according to the rules invented in Moscow, and these rules deprived the people of their traditional way of life, turning former hunters and fishermen, shepherds and gatherers into the collective farm peasantry. When to graze deer or sheep was decided not by the traditions of ancestors established by thousands of years of experience, but by an official in Moscow, who, most likely, had never seen either camps or pastures. The Soviet people had to carry out orders regarding milk yield and sheep shearing; everything was erased from their memory - rituals and traditions, songs and stories of their ancestors. Soviet ethnographers diligently collected material for their dissertations and books, as if they understood that soon all this would disappear.

The worst thing is to observe the disappearance of peoples now, already on the territory of modern Russia. See the population drinking themselves to death in the villages of the Shors in the south of the Kemerovo region or the Khanty, Mansi and Eskimos who moved to the cities and forgot their traditions. Almost no one knows about the mushers and Kamchadals; few people say that 60 percent of Russian oil is produced on the land of the Khanty and Mansi, and the peoples themselves have become outcasts on their own land. The Khanty make up only 1.2 percent of the population of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, the Mansi are even smaller - 0.7 percent. According to statistics, there are even several times more Ukrainians in the district, and Russians make up the overwhelming majority - almost 70 percent of the population. Once upon a time, traditional reindeer herding became exotic; just over three tens of thousands of heads remained from numerous herds. Now in the schools of the district, about two thousand children of the Mansi people and a little more than three thousand of the Khanty people study in their native language.

The national territories formed under Soviet rule on the conquered lands beyond the Ural ridge - republics or districts - contain ethnonyms and mentions of indigenous peoples only in their names. In fact, indigenous peoples are in an overwhelming minority there. In the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Chukchi themselves make up only about 25 percent of the population; even fewer, on the verge of extinction, are representatives of other indigenous peoples - the Eskimos, Evens and Chuvans. This ratio was created not only due to assimilation during the years of Bolshevism, but also due to the long, about 150 years, Russian-Chukchi war - from 1641 to 1776. History preserves the events of that time, the cruelty and persistence of the occupiers. Captain of the Tobolsk Dragoon Regiment Dmitry Pavlutsky was distinguished by disproportionate cruelty when in 1731, at the head of a detachment of more than 400 people, he undertook a punitive operation against the Chukchi: “And on May 9, he reached the first Chyukoch yurt sitting near the sea, in which the former Chukchi were beaten... They saw from that place at a short distance... they beat those sitting in one yurt and the Chyukochs who were in it... And when they reached their Chyukotsky prison... and in that prison there were up to eight yurts, which they plundered and burned.”

The Russian-Chukchi War ended with the seizure of land, but not the conquest of the people; uprisings were feared until the end of the 19th century. The military boasted that they had killed more than 10 thousand Chukchi, but the survivors also slowly died not only because the punitive forces destroyed many deer. Together with the Russians, contagious diseases, for example, syphilis, came to the Chukchi through the Koryaks, Chuvans and Yukaghirs: syphilis is called in Chukchi “Chuvan disease”, “Russian disease”. Along with the Russians came alcoholism, which finished off the remaining peoples. The peoples of the Far North and Siberia do not have the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, which breaks down alcohol, and the “fire water” brought by the Russians slowly killed people. In Australia, the USA and Canada, there are restrictions on the sale of alcohol in areas of compact settlement of indigenous peoples - precisely for this reason. Nobody thought about this in Russia.

Kayurs, Koryaks, Voguls, Mansi, Nganasans, Nenets, Nivkhs, Selkups, Kets, Tofalars, Itelmens, Dolgans, Udeges, Nenets and Eskimos are peoples whose number ranges from several hundred to several thousand. The most numerous people are the Mansi, there are a little more than 30 thousand people. Thanks to the oil in their land, more than a dozen people became billionaires, but not the Mansi themselves. Small peoples in other parts of Russia are on the verge of extinction - the Vod in the Leningrad region, the Archin people in Dagestan. It is difficult to imagine what will happen to these peoples in 30 or 50 years - most likely, they will disappear and become lines on the list of those who exist only in ethnographic reference books. There is no hope that the current Russian government will make efforts to save them.