Developed countries and developing countries: features and problems. Developed countries Small highly developed countries

Every year, the HDI (Human Development Index) is calculated for all countries. It takes into account such important indicators as the level of literacy, longevity, education and general standard of living. There are certain standards for assessing these parameters and comparing them.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a complex statistic that is used to rank countries on a scale from “very high” to “low”. Countries rank on the list based on life expectancy, education, standard of living, child welfare, health care, economic well-being and happiness of the population. The formulas take into account many variables, with the help of which the country coefficient is determined.

The value of the HDI depends on several factors. Such factors as life expectancy, level of education, quality of life, well-being of children, equipment and level of healthcare, economic well-being and simply human happiness of the population are assessed. Calculation formulas use all of these variables as factors. Based on the data obtained, the ten best countries for human life are determined. Critics (especially those from those countries that did not make it into the top ten) consider the HDI assessment to be inaccurate and vague. However, after reading the top list of ten highly developed countries, every sane person will understand that the error, if it exists, is very small.

We present to you the most highly developed countries.

Sweden - 0.904

The socialist and liberal European country of Sweden (officially the Kingdom of Sweden), led by a prime minister, has an estimated population of 9.3 million. Its capital and largest city is Stockholm. Swedes are considered among the happiest in the world and have high estimates of income ($35,876 per capita GDP and $485 billion regular GDP), life expectancy (80.9 years), and education.

In addition, the country has very low unemployment and poverty rates, equal and free access to healthcare, and is committed to protecting the environment. Sweden is also a popular tourist destination for millions of travelers, with a rich history and many attractions.

Germany - 0.905

The Federal Republic of Germany has the most powerful economy in the European Union, and one of the largest populations of 82.2 million citizens, as well as a bustling capital and economic center in Berlin. Chancellor Angela Merkel is the head of government, a highly educated and competent politician. Germany thrives in industry and manufacturing and is a major exporter of electrical and technical products and automobiles.

The country is famous for its skilled workforce. The GDP is $3.5 trillion and the GDP per capita is $40,631. Poverty rates are low, although the unemployment rate is approximately 7%. Germany, like Sweden, is a top tourist destination in Europe due to its historical beauty and many attractions. The average life expectancy of Germans is 79.4 years.

Liechtenstein - 0.905

The Principality of Liechtenstein is one of the smallest and least populated countries in the world, with an area of ​​just 160 square kilometers and a population of 35,000 people. Despite this, this parliamentary democracy has one of the highest GDP per capita ($141,000) and virtually zero debt, poverty and unemployment rates. At the same time, the country has a very high level of education.

Liechtenstein has very low taxes, being a center for investment from other countries. If you ever want to travel to this rather interesting country, visit the capital Vaduz, where you can see the huge Vaduz Castle, home of the prince and his family, and meet the city's 5,100 residents.

Ireland - 0.908

The Irish Republic has a relatively small population of 4.5 million and a parliamentary democracy, with the capital city of Dublin. Ireland has a very high literacy rate of 99% and secondary education standards, as well as a respectable life expectancy of 78.9 years. The country has very good infrastructure and a GDP of $203.89 billion, which is $45,497 per capita. The country ranks 7th in press freedom, economic freedom and political freedom.

Ireland was in the process of rapid economic growth and development until 2008, when the global recession began. Because of this, the country's GDP deteriorated and large debt accumulated. Ireland was included in the list of five European problem states (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain), losing two places in the Human Development Index. However, Prime Minister Enda Kenny is actively working with EU leaders (France and Germany) to resolve this issue and continue Ireland's development. Despite all these difficulties, the country still ranks among the most highly developed in the world.

Canada - 0.908

Canada is geographically the second largest country, next to Russia. It shares the world's longest international border with the United States. It is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, one of the few countries with two anthems (“O Canada,” the national anthem, and “God Save the Queen,” the Royal Anthem) and Queen Elizabeth II as Head of State. The country is economically advanced, with a GDP of $1.758 trillion, or $51,147 per capita.

Canadians have high levels of education and literacy, and a large percentage of the population speaks two or three languages ​​(English and French are the official languages, but Spanish is also used). Canada is known for its free healthcare system, life expectancy of 80.7 years and minimal taxes for its 34.7 million inhabitants. And of course, it is a popular tourist destination, where you can visit the world famous Niagara Falls, or the capital city of Ottawa.

New Zealand - 0.908

New Zealand is a small and relatively remote group of islands that have only recently been explored and settled. The country's beautiful landscapes and biodiversity of New Zealand annually attract tourists from different parts of the world. New Zealand is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy that also recognizes Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, while John Key is prime minister.

New Zealand has one of the highest living standards and happiness ratings in the world, and is a strong proponent of peace and environmental sustainability, banning nuclear weapons and protecting wildlife. The country's GDP reaches $157.877 billion, with a per capita GDP of $35,374. Her education, literacy and medical standards are very high, with a life expectancy of 80.2 years. Of course, New Zealand is a hot spot for travelers, lovers of nature and biodiversity.

USA - 0.910

The United States has come a long way since its founding in 1776, breaking away from the British during the American Revolution (with much help from the French) and declaring its independence. Now, after fighting Native Americans, fighting a Civil War, dealing with the Great Depression, and fighting in two World Wars, the US is considered the most highly developed country in the world, with a GDP of $15 trillion (the largest in the world) and a GDP per capita of $48,147. The USA is a representative democracy (republic), a manufacturing giant and a major importer and exporter of goods, trading with all countries of the world. The United States is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world.

However, the US loses points because its population of nearly 315 million has a 15% poverty rate and 9% unemployment. International critics argue that American educational standards lag behind the rest of the world. Additionally, the US is losing points in health care, where despite a life expectancy of 79 years, obesity rates soar to 33% of adults. For the totality of all these reasons, the United States ranks only 4th on the list, despite the richest economy in the world.

Netherlands - 0.910

Also known as the United Netherlands or Holland, the Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy and a representative democracy. The Netherlands has very high educational standards and low poverty and unemployment rates. Throughout its history, the Netherlands has been a key founding member of the EU, NATO, OECD and WTO, and is also the “legal capital of the world”, hosting five international court systems, Lifeglobe reports.

The country's GDP is $832.160 billion, which in per capita terms is $49,950. In May 2011, the country's 16.7 million residents were ranked as the happiest in the world, with a stable economy, competent government, low taxes, beautiful cities (like the capital Amsterdam) and a long life expectancy of 79.8 years. It is also one of the best countries to do business.

Australia - 0.929

This island/continent has the 13th largest economy in the world with a GDP of $918.978 billion and the 5th highest GDP per capita of $40,836. Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy that ranks highest in the world in the categories of quality of life (people are very happy), health, education (nearly 100% literacy rate), economic freedom, and finally civil liberties and human rights protection.

These 22.7 million residents enjoy a country with stable government, peace, protection of wildlife and biodiversity, and a life expectancy of 81.2 years. Of course, Australia is a fantastic continent to visit and experience its rustic wildlife and beautiful cities like Sydney.

Norway — 0.943

Norway leads the list of the most highly developed countries. This country of 5 million people is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with extremely high standards of education, very low levels of poverty and unemployment, and a life expectancy of 80.2 years. Norway was a major founding member of NATO but rejected joining the EU while maintaining good relations with neighboring European countries. Norway is also a founding member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe and the WTO.

Norway has one of the largest reserves of oil, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood and hydroelectric power in the world. The country is famous for its healthcare system, advanced education system and outstanding social security system. For all these reasons, the Kingdom of Norway ranks first in the Joint National Human Development Index.

Mira. The ranking of these countries depends on the criteria by which the analysis was carried out. For example, development can be economic, and this is not equivalent to the wealth of the country as such. Or technological, which involves comparing achievements in the field of science and production. In addition, there is the concept of the human development index. It includes a number of factors. These are the level of literacy of the population, life expectancy, education and a general indicator of living standards. The most developed countries in the world according to the Human Development Index (HDI) should have high scores in all these areas. The data is collected, analyzed, classified and presented in the UN Human Development Report.

Norway

The seven most developed countries in the world are led by Norway. This is a very beautiful country with a predominantly mountainous landscape. The coast is indented by deep, picturesque fjords. The bulk of income in the country's economy comes from the sale of petroleum products. Shipbuilding, engineering and maritime industries are also well developed.

The country's population is small - less than 5 million people. For comparison, this is about a quarter of the population living in Moscow. The climate is very variable. It is perfectly characterized by the local saying “Don’t like the weather? Wait for 15 minutes".

Statistics show that the most developed countries in the world have low levels of corruption and crime. And the Norwegians are no exception in this regard. They highly respect the law. There is practically no crime, even theft is unthinkable. A table with produce - vegetables and fruits - is often set up right on the road near the farm. There is also a price tag, scales, bags and a jar for money. And no one around. This is a form of self-service. The houses are not locked during the day. The only exceptions are large cities.

There are a lot of mushrooms and berries in Norway, but it is not customary to collect them. Norwegians simply don't know how to do this. Therefore, in a good year, you can easily pick up a 100-liter bag of porcini mushrooms in a couple of hours.

Australia

Australia continues the list of the most developed countries in the world. This country is also not densely populated. However, 88% of residents live in cities. The isolation of the continent contributed to the development of unique representatives of flora and fauna. In addition to being rich in natural resources, pearls, opal and unique pink diamonds are mined here. The mild climate and fertile soil allow agriculture to develop successfully. Sheep farming, wheat and sugar cane cultivation are very popular. Australian wines are also highly regarded.

Australia is often associated with kangaroos and deserts, but the Australian Alps have more snow than Switzerland. The “dog fence,” built to keep out wild dogs, is longer than the Great Wall of China. And in 2001, the Australian football team defeated the American Samoa team with an unprecedented score of 31:0.

Switzerland

Switzerland ranks third in the HDI ranking. This country is located in the center of Europe. Despite its relatively small area, Switzerland is generously endowed with magnificent landscapes, mountains and lakes. Here the state maintains high employment of the population, which often distinguishes the most economically developed countries in the world. The spheres of tourism, mechanical engineering, computer equipment production, metalworking and watch production are developed. In addition, Switzerland is one of the world's recognized financial centers.

The government's approach to combating drug addiction is interesting. Drug addicts are provided with a place to sleep, a portion of food and a dose of drug. Experts have calculated that this is much cheaper and more effective than the consequences of crimes that would have been committed due to drug addiction.

Denmark

Denmark is included in the list of "The Most Economically Developed Countries in the World" at number four. It is a small country in which the service sector is the most developed in the labor market. Agriculture is also developed. The number of pigs exceeds the population of the entire country five times.

Bicycles are the most popular form of transport here. Not the least role in this was played by the fact that many Danes do not have a personal car, since the tax on it is extremely high.

The Faroe Islands, which today are once part of Norway. They were annexed to Denmark in an unusual way - the Norwegian king lost them at cards.

Netherlands

The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of mainland and island parts. Agriculture is developed in the country. Farmers here produce 2.5 times more produce than farmers on similar land areas in neighboring countries of the European Union. The largest port in Europe is located here, and the Netherlands ranks first in the world in water transport logistics.

Telecommunication systems, equipment and first-class technologies are actively developed and produced. From here, medical equipment worth tens of billions of euros is exported annually to the most economically developed countries of the world.

Germany

Many of the world's most developed countries boast vast territories and low population densities. Germany in this regard is the complete opposite. It is by far the most populous country in the European Union.

The Germans are very hardworking. The working week lasts 6 days. And legends have long been made about the punctuality and accuracy of this people. Germany is a recognized world leader in a number of technology and industrial sectors. German cars are valued all over the world and are actively exported from the country. A lot of scientific discoveries were made by German scientists. Their contributions are evidenced by the astonishing number of Nobel laureates from this country.

Ireland

Back in the 1990s, Ireland was one of Europe. And today it is confidently ahead of the most developed countries in the world in terms of economic growth. This historically agricultural country has retrained itself and directed funds and efforts to the development of pharmaceuticals and the production of high-tech components. Intel microchips are manufactured here, and the headquarters of Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, Google and Linkedin are located here. Apple products are also manufactured here.

Harsh and beautiful. Labyrinths of caves and mountains, steep cliffs and mysterious forests, a picturesque sea coast and limestone cliffs - Ireland has it all. Bird watchers can watch razorbills, fulmars and puffins; fans of marine life have the opportunity to see humpback whales, dolphins and seals. Three geoparks hold treasures in the form of incredible landscapes. And for lovers of antiquity, the remains of medieval towerhouses, built to strengthen the power of the English peers, are scattered throughout the country.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a complex statistic used to rank countries according to their level of development on a scale from “very high” to “low”. Countries rank on the list based on life expectancy, education, standard of living, child welfare, health care, economic well-being and happiness of the population. The formulas take into account many variables, with the help of which the country coefficient is determined. Critics call the HDI inaccurate, but how else can you compile a list of the most highly developed countries without it being too subjective?

Sweden - 0.904

The socialist and liberal European country of Sweden (officially the Kingdom of Sweden), led by a prime minister, has an estimated population of 9.3 million. Its capital and largest city is Stockholm. Swedes are considered among the happiest in the world and have high estimates of income ($35,876 per capita GDP and $485 billion regular GDP), life expectancy (80.9 years), and education. In addition, the country has very low unemployment and poverty rates, equal and free access to healthcare, and is committed to protecting the environment. Sweden is also a popular tourist destination for millions of travelers, with a rich history and many attractions.

Germany - 0.905
The Federal Republic of Germany has the most powerful economy in the European Union, and one of the largest populations of 82.2 million citizens, as well as a bustling capital and economic center in Berlin. Chancellor Angela Merkel is the head of government, a highly educated and competent politician. Germany thrives in industry and manufacturing and is a major exporter of electrical and technical products and automobiles. The country is famous for its skilled workforce. The GDP is $3.5 trillion and the GDP per capita is $40,631. Poverty rates are low, although the unemployment rate is approximately 7%. Germany, like Sweden, is a top tourist destination in Europe due to its historical beauty and many attractions. The average life expectancy of Germans is 79.4 years.

Liechtenstein - 0.905
The Principality of Liechtenstein is one of the smallest and least populated countries in the world, with an area of ​​just 160 square kilometers and a population of 35,000 people. Despite this, this parliamentary democracy has one of the highest GDP per capita ($141,000) and virtually zero debt, poverty and unemployment rates. At the same time, the country has a very high level of education. Liechtenstein has very low taxes, being a center for investment from other countries. If you ever want to travel to this rather interesting country, visit the capital Vaduz, where you can see the huge Vaduz Castle, home of the prince and his family, and meet the city's 5,100 residents.

Ireland - 0.908
The Irish Republic has a relatively small population of 4.5 million and a parliamentary democracy, with the capital city of Dublin. Ireland has a very high literacy rate of 99% and secondary education standards, as well as a respectable life expectancy of 78.9 years. The country has very good infrastructure and a GDP of $203.89 billion, which is $45,497 per capita. The country ranks 7th in press freedom, economic freedom and political freedom. Ireland was in the process of rapid economic growth and development until 2008, when the global recession began. Because of this, the country's GDP deteriorated and large debt accumulated. Ireland was included in the list of five European problem states (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain), losing two places in the Human Development Index. However, Prime Minister Enda Kenny is actively working with EU leaders (France and Germany) to resolve this issue and continue Ireland's development. Despite all these difficulties, the country still ranks among the most highly developed in the world.

Canada - 0.908
Canada is geographically the second largest country, next to Russia. It shares the world's longest international border with the United States. It is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, one of the few countries with two anthems (“O Canada,” the national anthem, and “God Save the Queen,” the Royal Anthem) and Queen Elizabeth II as Head of State. The country is economically advanced, with a GDP of $1.758 trillion, or $51,147 per capita. Canadians have high levels of education and literacy, and a large percentage of the population speaks two or three languages ​​(English and French are the official languages, but Spanish is also used). Canada is known for its free healthcare system, life expectancy of 80.7 years and minimal taxes for its 34.7 million inhabitants. And of course, it is a popular tourist destination, where you can visit the world famous Niagara Falls, or the capital city of Ottawa.

New Zealand - 0.908
New Zealand is a small and relatively remote group of islands that have only recently been explored and settled. The country's beautiful landscapes and biodiversity of New Zealand annually attract tourists from different parts of the world. New Zealand is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy that also recognizes Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, while John Key is prime minister. New Zealand has one of the highest living standards and happiness ratings in the world, and is a strong proponent of peace and environmental sustainability, banning nuclear weapons and protecting wildlife. The country's GDP reaches $157.877 billion, with a per capita GDP of $35,374. Her education, literacy and medical standards are very high, with a life expectancy of 80.2 years. Of course, New Zealand is a hot spot for travelers, lovers of nature and biodiversity.

USA - 0.910
The United States has come a long way since its founding in 1776, breaking away from the British during the American Revolution (with much help from the French) and declaring its independence. Now, after fighting Native Americans, fighting a Civil War, dealing with the Great Depression, and fighting in two World Wars, the US is considered the most highly developed country in the world, with a GDP of $15 trillion (the largest in the world) and a GDP per capita of $48,147. The USA is a representative democracy (republic), a manufacturing giant and a major importer and exporter of goods, trading with all countries of the world. The United States is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world. However, the US loses points because its population of nearly 315 million has a 15% poverty rate and 9% unemployment. International critics argue that American educational standards lag behind the rest of the world. Additionally, the US is losing points in health care, where despite a life expectancy of 79 years, obesity rates soar to 33% of adults. For the totality of all these reasons, the United States ranks only 4th on the list, despite the richest economy in the world.

Netherlands - 0.910
Also known as the United Netherlands or Holland, the Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy and a representative democracy. The Netherlands has very high educational standards and low poverty and unemployment rates. Throughout its history, the Netherlands has been a key founding member of the EU, NATO, OECD and WTO, and is also the “legal capital of the world”, hosting five international systems of justice. The country's GDP is $832.160 billion, which in per capita terms is $49,950. In May 2011, the country's 16.7 million residents were ranked as the happiest in the world, with a stable economy, competent government, low taxes, beautiful cities (like the capital Amsterdam) and a long life expectancy of 79.8 years. It is also one of the best countries to do business.

Australia - 0.929
This island/continent has the 13th largest economy in the world with a GDP of $918.978 billion and the 5th highest GDP per capita of $40,836. Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy, ranking highest in the world in the categories of quality of life (people are very happy), health, education (almost 100% literacy rate), economic freedom, and finally civil liberties and human rights protection. These 22.7 million residents enjoy a country with stable government, peace, protection of wildlife and biodiversity, and a life expectancy of 81.2 years. Of course, Australia is a fantastic continent to visit and experience its rustic wildlife and beautiful cities such as Sydney.



Norway - 0.943
Norway leads the list of the most highly developed countries. This country of 5 million people is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with extremely high standards of education, very low levels of poverty and unemployment, and a life expectancy of 80.2 years. Norway was a major founding member of NATO but rejected joining the EU while maintaining good relations with neighboring European countries. Norway is also a founding member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe and the WTO. Norway has one of the largest reserves of oil, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood and hydroelectric power in the world. The country is famous for its healthcare system, advanced education system and outstanding social security system. For all these reasons, the Kingdom of Norway ranks first in the Joint National Human Development Index.

Today the list of developing countries consists of 150 states and territories. They occupy most of the land. Many of them were independent even before the Second World War. However, I would like to consider this topic in all its details.

First group of states

In those days when there was still a division into capitalist and socialist systems, developing countries were called the “third world”. Now they are very heterogeneous. And because of their diversity, it is very difficult to build any typology. But nevertheless, a certain classification exists.

The first group includes the so-called key states. These are Mexico, China, as well as Brazil and India. They are included in the list of developing countries because they have enormous economic, human and natural potential. These four states produce the same amount of industrial output as all the others combined. But in terms of GDP, everything is bad. In India, per capita income is 350 dollars, which is less than 23 thousand rubles.

Higher level

The second group includes states that have also achieved a relatively good level of economic and social development, but only with a GDP above a thousand dollars. The majority of such countries are in Latin America. These are Venezuela, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina and many other countries. There are also countries with similar levels in North Africa and Asia.

But this is not all developing countries. The list of states includes only six groups. The third includes industrial territories. These are the countries that made the leap in the 80s and 90s. Moreover, the growth was stunning. The states were even given the nickname “Asian Tigers”. And based on such an original name, you can guess which countries these are. These include Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong (an administrative region in China) and Taiwan. Also included in the list of developing countries in the second group are Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia.

Remaining list

The fourth group, which is included in the list of developing countries, is formed from those states that export oil. Thanks to this resource, GDP per capita can vary from 10 to 20 thousand dollars. Naturally, the list includes Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Iran, Qatar, Kuwait, as well as Brunei, Libya, etc.

The largest group is the fifth. It consists of the “classical” developing countries of the world. The list contains the names of states with a multi-structured backward economy and feudal remnants. Per capita GDP is less than $1,000 per year. Most of the countries in this group are located in Asia, Latin America and Africa.

And finally, the last category. It is made up of 40 states belonging to the so-called fourth world. That is, those territories where agriculture predominates, and consumer agriculture at that. In such countries there is practically no manufacturing industry and about 2/3 of the inhabitants are illiterate. GDP is 100-300 dollars a year (!). And this is a very good indicator. For example, in Mozambique the GDP is 20 cents a day!

Minimum wage

Of course, the developing countries of the world, the list of which is quite impressive, are of certain interest from a political and economic point of view. But most ordinary citizens want to know about salary levels.

According to statistics for 2015 published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, life is best in Luxembourg. There, the minimum wage is $2,190. This is a little more than 143,000 rubles. Australia is in second place with $2,159. This is approximately 141,000 rubles.

Germany ranks third. In the former Federal Republic of Germany, the minimum wage is $1,958, which is 128,000 rubles. Next in the ranking are the Netherlands with a minimum wage of $1,848, which is equal to 120,700 rubles. Belgium is in next place with $1,776. This is about 116,000 rubles.

Romania and Bulgaria have the lowest minimum wage indicators in Europe. The minimum you can count on here is 230.4 and 195 dollars, respectively (15,000 and 12,700 rubles). But even this is twice as much as in Russia. And even more so in Ukraine, where the monthly minimum wage is $53.7 (3,480 rubles). In general, the countries that occupy the first positions in the minimum salary ratings are key developing countries. The list is actually longer and can be viewed individually.

Leaders of the world economy

Well, finally, a few words about states that can boast of a truly high standard of living and economy. Developed and developing countries, the list of which is quite wide, make up our entire world. But only the first of these produce ¾ of the gross world product. But only 15-16% of the entire planet’s population lives in developed countries. But it is they who, one might say, support the entire economy.

These are the USA, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Finland and several dozen more countries. But, despite their status, salaries in many “leading” countries do not please local residents. In the same Greece mentioned in the list, the minimum wage is 580 € (40,200 rubles). However, this is still more than in the Russian Federation.

• 
  Great powers
  (USA, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, UK)
  These countries are very different from each other in terms of historical characteristics, economic power, and level of development of productive forces. But they are all united by a very high level of capital concentration and the role that corporations in each of these countries play in the world economy.
• 
  Economically highly developed small countries of Western Europe
  (Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Scandinavian countries, Finland)
  Although some of them in the past themselves claimed a leading role in world politics (Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden), now none of them plays an independent role in the economic control of the world.
  A kind of subtype of “small privileged nations” are the mini-states of Western Europe - Luxembourg and Iceland.
• 
  Countries of “settler capitalism”
  (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel)
  Capitalist relations were brought here by immigrants. These countries largely retain agricultural and raw material specialization, but it is based on high national labor productivity and is combined with a developed domestic economy.

Countries with an average level of development

• 
  Moderately developed countries of Western Europe
  (Spain, Portugal, Greece, Ireland)
• 
  Moderately developed countries of Central and Eastern Europe
  (Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania– the former dependent elite of the Hungarian and Russian empires, now industrialized countries beginning their post-industrial development;
  Poland, Slovakia, Croatia– their level of development is lower, they have not yet left the industrial phase of development, inter-sectoral differences in labor productivity are large)

Economically underdeveloped or developing countries

• 
  Key countries (Brazil, Mexico, China, India)
  These countries differ significantly from each other in size, level of development, and economic models. What they have in common is their key, region-forming significance in their regions and subregions.
  In terms of GDP, they are among the top 15 countries in the foreign world. At the same time, countries are essentially just expanding their industrialization.
  
• 
  Countries of relatively mature capitalism
  The subgroup covers a wide range of countries that have the longest trajectory of development of capitalism (Lat. America) or where capitalism has only established itself in recent decades (Arab and post-socialist countries)

- Migrant countries of early development of dependent capitalism

- Countries of large-enclave development of capitalism

- Countries of externally oriented adaptive development

- Small dependent plantation economies

- Small countries of “concession development”

- Small and smallest countries

- Small countries are financially surplus large oil exporters

- Large low-income countries

Young Liberated States - Emerging Nations
They arose in the second half of the 20th century from former colonies.

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