Companies. Ports of India Main seaport of India

general

Piece cargo transported in packaging (boxes, bags, pallets, etc.). This is one of the most common types of cargo, in particular for road transport. Often it is a groupage cargo, which is delivered according to the orders of several customers at once and consists of various categories of goods.

bulk

Homogeneous materials transported in bulk (gravel, sand, ore, coal, etc.).

container

These are mainly general cargo delivered in containers. Containers, as a rule, are adapted for intermodal transport (that is, using several modes of transport at once, for example, sea and rail, without reloading goods along the way).

oversized

Has a weight and/or size that exceeds the limits established by traffic rules or other legal acts. Typically, oversized cargo is not delivered by standard vehicles and its transportation requires special permits. This category includes project cargo represented by production equipment, entire plants, other large or heavy objects or their component parts.

refrigerator

Frozen or chilled goods transported using refrigerated or freezing equipment.

cars

Cars, trucks, and agricultural machinery of standard types and sizes.

bulk

A liquid or viscous mass transported in tanks or tankers.

animals

Live farm or wild animals, pets.

dangerous goods

Poses a danger to humans and the environment. Transportation of this type of cargo is usually regulated by various laws, including at the international level.

This port is the main one Indian naval base, The maximum depth of the fairway allows large, heavy-duty vessels to enter its waters. It is equal to ten twelve meters. The length of the berth line exceeds seventeen kilometers, allowing for the processing of more than fifty berths with a depth of up to ten meters. All port facilities are equipped with the latest technology. Loading and unloading operations are carried out around the clock; this industrial artery of the country never falls asleep. Provides many jobs to people living nearby. The main cargo moving through local terminals is oil produced on the shelf. Rolled steel, grain crops, textiles produced in the country, the annual trade turnover passing through this harbor leaves billions of dollars and amounts to millions of tons of cargo. Drilling platforms located close to the port allow the port facilities to be constantly busy with work. Although the port waters look quite polluted because of this.

Port of Kolkata

This port is located one hundred and forty kilometers from the Bay of Bengal on the Hooghly River. This naval base has a number of disadvantages Mumbai port. Due to the fact that the entrance channel is very narrow and winding, it is necessary to carry out constant cleaning work to maintain navigability in the area. Because of this, ships with large displacement are able to enter only when high water comes. For the most part, this port is used by the state as a repair base and supply point. The port includes four tidal basins and several piers. Although it is not of strategic importance, it provides many jobs for people living nearby, which is not unimportant for a country like India.

The port facilities stretch for three kilometers. The artificial harbor has twelve berths allowing ships with a draft of up to ten meters to load and unload. This large naval base has its own repair shops, warehouses with ammunition and fuel and lubricants. Ships of all classes, from auxiliary to large-tonnage ocean-going ones, are based in the port waters. This port handles more than ten and a half million tons of cargo per year. It is an integral part of the country's economy. There is an international airport not far from the port. This allows for fuller use of the port’s capacity for transporting goods inland.

The nature of India is unique, a huge number of plants and animals that are not found anywhere else in the world, more details:.

This is another auxiliary Indian naval port, its berths, stretching for four and a half kilometers, can handle ships with a draft of up to nine meters. This port is located on the Malabar coast of the Arabian Sea, at the entrance to the Cochin River, which is where its name comes from. Nowadays there are excellent repair shops that allow repairing ships of any class of medium displacement. The port equipment is the most modern and allows loading and unloading operations to be carried out in the shortest possible time. The warehouse area is more than one hundred and fifty square meters and serves as an excellent transshipment base. All port facilities in India are in excellent condition.

A country washed by water on all sides simply needs to have a large and modern fleet to serve its internal needs. And the Indian Navy is one of the best navies in the world. New ships constantly entering service ensure its combat readiness. Port facilities are rightfully the pride of the country; they provide many jobs for people of different specialties, thereby reducing social tension. Water arteries converging at ports of India, make it possible to provide excellent opportunities for the transportation of various cargoes; the busy sea routes passing off the coast of the country give it the opportunity to firmly maintain leadership in shipping in this area. The largest ports of India, such as Mumbai, are the pride of the local population and maintain the well-being of the people at the proper level.

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Table 1
Dynamics of cargo flows in sea trade ports of India, 2007–2012, thousand tons.

Based on the data presented in Table 1, it can be stated that cargo transportation in 2012 reached volumes of 560 million tons in 12 main ports of India and amounted to 61.4% of the total cargo turnover of Indian ports (911.69 million tons), that is there was a decrease of 1.7% in 2012 from an increase of 1.6% in 2011. In 2012, the cargo structure handled by major Indian ports included 194.1 million tonnes of loaded cargo, 341.6 million tonnes of unloaded cargo and 24.4 million tonnes of transhipment cargo.
The increase in cargo traffic volumes was in: the port of New Mangalore (a port in Karnataka) (4.4%), the port of Mumbai (2.9%), Visakhapatnam (a port in Andhra Pradesh, the main shipbuilding base of India) (12.0%), Chennai (9.9%), Parafall (9.7%), Mormugas (main port of Goa) (7.0%), Haldi (outport of Kolkata facing the Bay of Bengal) (5.5%), Port of Kolkata (KDS) ( 2.2%).
Thus, during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period (2007–2012), the major ports achieved an average annual growth rate of 4.2%. Kandla Port is the only port to achieve double growth of 11.1% during the period. The Kandla Port's throughput reached 82.5 million tonnes in 2012, accounting for 14.7% of the total throughput handled at major Indian ports.
These trends are due to the influence of the following factors:
1. decline in growth rates in industrialized countries, which are the main market for Indian exports from 3.2% in 2010 to 1.6% in 2011 and forecast - 1.4% in 2012. Similarly the growth rate in world merchandise trade fell from 14.3% in 2010 to 6.3% in 2011;
2. India's GDP growth rate decreased from 8.4% in 2010 to 6.5% in 2011. This decline is associated with a noticeable reduction in the contribution of the manufacturing sector of the economy and the mining sector: the share of the manufacturing sector in India's GDP decreased from 7. 6% in 2010 to 2.5% in 2011, and the share of the mining sector from 5% in 2010 to 0.9% in 2011;
3. the use by a number of countries of protective measures of a protectionist nature, leading to a ban or restrictions on the export of iron ore, which led to a more than thirty percent decrease in its exports by India.
The points of growth of the Indian economy in recent decades can be considered four clusters, which are concentrated around the following sea trading ports: Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chinai (formerly Madras). It is these seaports of India, or rather, transport corridors with central hubs in them, that structure the economic activities of all entities in the national economy of India.
Among Indian ports, two ports have significance beyond the transport industry - Mumbai and Visakhapatnam. Visakhapatnam, located at Cape Dolphin Nose, attracts cargo from iron and steel enterprises (Bhilai), high-tech enterprises (Hyderabad), etc., in general, being the backbone center of the entire eastern Coromandel coast.
Similarly, the strategic center of the western Malabar coast is the port of Mumbai.
It should be noted that the decrease in the volume of sea freight traffic in 2011–2012. coincides with a slowdown in India's economic growth during the 2011–2012 period. (see Fig. 2)

Bombay (Mumbai) is a major seaport of India on the western coast of the Hindustan Peninsula and the main naval base of the Western Fleet of the Indian Navy. Depth of the water area Bombay seaport is 10-12 m and allows the basing of ships of any class. The port has about 50 berths, the length of the berth front is over 17 km with depths of up to 10 meters. The following sea cargoes are imported into the port of Bombay: oil, coal, iron, steel, grain, chemical products, and petroleum products, textiles, wool, leather, ore, and building materials are exported.

Madras is a major port of India and a naval base on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. The naval base occupies part of the port and can support ships of all classes. There are warehouses for ammunition, fuel and other property (area 200 thousand m2), service and technical buildings. The port of Madras has an artificial harbor, 12 berths for ships with sediments of 8-10 m. The length of the berth front is 3 km with depths of up to 18 m.

India is washed by the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, and the Bay of Bengal. Ports play a very important role in the state's economy, providing the bulk of imports and exports. 90% of the volume, 70% of the value of international trade passes through sea transport. There are 13 large and 187 small port areas throughout the country.

The state has 14,500 km of navigable inland waterways declared as National Waterways. The largest number of harbors is in the state of Maharashtra - 2 large, 52 small.

Top 10 Port Cities in India

1. Mumbai
2. Kandla
3. Chennai
4. Calcutta
5. Cochin
6. Mormugao
7. Mangalore
8. Tuticorin
9. Visak
10. Paradip

Mumbai is the country's largest port area

The most populated metropolis of the country has 2 large ports: Mumbai and Nava Sheva. The first is located in the western part of the Hindustan Peninsula. The main naval base of the Western Fleet of the country's naval forces is concentrated here. The water area of ​​the zone runs to a depth of 12 meters; vessels of any class can be based here. There are a total of 50 berths on the port area, the length of the berth is more than 17 kilometers, the depth is 10 m.

Various cargoes are imported into Mumbai:

• coal
• iron
• steel
• oil
• chemistry
• corn

exported:

• textile
• wool
• petroleum products
• building materials

The cargo turnover of the Mumbai sea gate is 19.5 million tons. There are ship repair and construction enterprises, 6 dry docks, 4 slipways, a ship lift, and 2 oil refining plants located here. The construction of frigates, minesweepers, and the repair of large ships is underway.

Nava Sheva is ranked 24th among the hundred largest container ports in the world and is the most significant port in India. In its zone, up to 65% of the total volume of container cargo from the total export-import volume is processed. The annual turnover is more than 5 million tons. On the territory of the harbor there is 1 loading terminal and 5 container terminals, of which one has a capacity of 800,000 TEU per year.

The Mumbai jetty is open 24 hours a day and work never stops here. There are drilling platforms nearby that keep the harbor constantly busy.

Chennai - high cargo turnover

Madras Sea Harbor (Chennai) is located on the shores of the Bay of Bengal. Part of it is occupied by a naval base, which provides basing for ships of any class. In Madras there are technical and service buildings, warehouses where fuel, ammunition, and other cargo are stored. The total area of ​​all warehouses is 200,000 m2. Chennai has an artificial harbor, 12 berth areas with a draft of 8-10 m. The berth front extends 3 kilometers in length and 18 meters in depth.

The following are imported into the harbor:

• petroleum products
• coal
• metal
• corn

exported:

• cotton
• tobacco
• peanut

The annual transportation turnover is 10.4 million tons. There are restrictions on ship repair work. Madras has an international airport.

Kolkata is the oldest sea gate of the country

The city on the Hooghly River has a major port and naval base. It is the oldest working harbor in India. The approach channel of Kolkata is winding and prone to drifts. Dredging and cleaning work is constantly carried out on it. Due to the formation of sand shoals during floods in the fairway, ships with a displacement of 8,000-10,000 tons pass here only in full water. The naval base is used as a supply point and ship repair. The sea gate area has berths and 4 tidal pools, 2 different dock systems. One of them is located in Calcutta, on the left bank of the Hooghly and consists of 6 oil zones, 8 floating ones, 28 berths, 5 dry docks, and anchorages. In addition to all this, there are 80 large river ones, and many small ship ones, designed to unload small ships.

The second docking complex is located near the pilot station and includes 12 berths, 3 barges intended for transshipment and transportation of oil and oil products, 3 oil tankers, and anchorages.

Cochin - zone of ships and naval base

Cochin, on the shores of the Arabian Sea, is home to India's main naval base and port. This may include vessels with a draft of up to 9 meters. The length of the berthing front is 4.5 km, its depth is from 3.7 to 9.1 m. The base has storage facilities for ammunition and fuel, technical structures, service buildings, as well as a training center for the Indian Navy. Cargo imported:

• cars
• petroleum products
• coal

exported:

• rubber
• iron
• corn

The port is equipped with pipelines, floating and shore cranes for unloading cargo. Warehouses with a total area of ​​150,000 m2. In the naval base and port there are ship repair shops, 3 slips, 2 dry docks, where ships, vessels and destroyers are repaired.

Mormugao - the sea gate of Goa

Since 1963, another large port has been operating in the country - Mormugao, located on the shores of the Arabian Sea. It plays an important role in India's international trade relations; large ore exports are carried out through it. The sea gates were equipped with the first warehouses and pier in 1885. Today, several million tons of cargo pass through it every day. Ore turnover is 27 million tons annually. The raw materials are brought to the harbor and processed there. Mormugao is home to several of the world's largest mining companies. Ships and large cruise liners stop here. The berth includes dry floating docks. All Mormugao employees live in an area set up specifically for port personnel. There are schools, residential complexes, and social facilities.

India is provided with a large and modern fleet that serves all the needs of the state. The Navy is one of the best in the world, new ships are entering service here, and combat readiness is always ensured. Port facilities are the real pride of India. In addition, port areas provide a significant contribution to the country's economy and employment for a huge number of people. Busy sea routes allow the state to remain firmly among the leaders in shipping.