Antediluvian Tataria. Ancient roads and tracts of Kazan Ancient map of Tatarstan with villages and villages

Even in early childhood, I was interested in archaeological maps of my native Tatarstan. Their careful study led to an amazing historical discovery: during the entire pre-Russian era, only a few settlements arose on the “Mountain Side” between the Volga and Sulitsa rivers from Kazan to the Kama estuary.

Recently I dug up in my father’s library the post-Stalin “History of the Tatar ASSR”, Vol. 1 (from ancient times to the Great October Socialist Revolution). Kazan Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. IYALI. Tatknigoizdat. Kazan, 1955, 550 p. A wonderful work, especially a lot of attention is paid to the struggle of peoples against their oppressors - tsars, landowners, and then capitalists (I recommend that those who go to Bolotnaya Square read it before going out).
This, I emphasize once again, wonderful book contains, among other things, three maps of the pre-Bulgar era, the Bulgar period and the period of the Kazan Khanate. If you look at them carefully again, the surprise increases many times over.
Map of the pre-Bulgarian period.

Map of the Bulgarian era:

Map of the Kazan Khanate period:

From the maps it follows that from the antiquities of the 1st millennium BC and the 1st millennium AD, only one burial ground of the Ananyin culture was found on the territory of the Mountain Side in Pustye Morkvashi.
During the Bulgar period, there was only one undated settlement in this territory in the Kuralovo area of ​​the Verkhneuslonsky region, and during the period of the Kazan Khanate - villages on the site of modern Pusty Morkvash of the Verkhneuslonsky region and Tenki of the Kama-Ustinsky region, and a Bulgar cemetery of the early 16th century was found. near the village of Seitovo, Verkhneuslonsky district.
The question arises: why were the local population so reluctant to develop the Mountain Side? At first I thought that this was due to the problem of water delivery - after all, it was easier to go down to water (rivers, springs) in the lowlands, but lowlands (ravines, depressions in the relief) also exist between the Volga and Sulitsa rivers. In addition, the territory south of the Kama Ustye is even more “mountainous”, however, many settlements arose there both in pre-Bulgar and, especially, in Bulgar times. The influence of the warlike Cheremis? However, this did not prevent the development of the left bank of the Volga, Kazanka and Mesha, and many Bulgar settlements and settlements arose along Sviyaga and along the right bank of the Volga in Chuvashia.
In general, no matter how you look at it, until Ivan the Terrible conquered the Kazan Khanate, the area between the Volga and Sulitsa rivers remained an incomprehensible, uninhabited blank spot on the archaeological maps of Tatarstan. What is especially interesting is that it was not particularly populated during the era of the Kazan Khanate, when the capital city was right next door, and the left side of the Volga was actively “built up”.
In general, only one option comes to mind - in ancient times they experienced an incomprehensible fear of the territory of the Mountain Side or there was some kind of prohibition to settle associated with ancient beliefs.
Therefore, the idea arose to figure out on the spot what attracted people to those three points on the map of the Mountain Side, where people settled in pre-Russian times, in order to then try to draw some conclusions. Let me note in advance that I haven’t made any conclusions yet.
I have been to a friend’s dacha in Pustye Morkvashi more than once, I know these places like the back of my hand (I traveled them on foot, on skis, and in a friend’s Niva), and in Tenki I have my own house and, naturally, I have studied the surrounding area up and down (on foot and by car). All that remains is to visit Seitovo. This is what my wife and I decided to do on March 10, 2012.

The winter landscape around Seitovo, although beautiful, is still monotonous:

Seitovo is located in the valley of the small river Shish, which flows into the Sulitsa:

“We have gas in our village, what about you?” The houses, of course, are old, but clearly not from the times of the Kazan Khanate:

Scattered around the village are strange sheds of unknown functional purpose (another mystery):

Strange ruins in the floodplain of the Shish River:

Or maybe this tree in the Shisha floodplain remembers the Kazan Khanate?

Surprisingly, the times of the Kazan Khanate are long gone, but people still go to the Shish River for water and take water from an ordinary pit located next to the river bed. Only the path to the source is cleaned in winter with tractors. And a touching bridge across the Shish River leads to the pit itself:

Shish:

The pit where buckets and bottles are filled with drinking water is about half a meter deep.

There are many reprints from the Efron and Brockhaus dictionary on the Internet and, in principle, it’s easy to find information from it using any search engine. I’ll do it a little differently.

27th half. The articles in it are located from the concept of “Kalaka” to “Kardam”, but the first thing offered is “Map of the Kazan province”...

The first page of the 27th semi-volume of the XIV volume of the "Encyclopedic Dictionary" of Brockhaus and Efron"

Map of Kazan province as of 1890

For comparison I will offer map of modern Tatarstan:

Of course, more than a century has passed since the creation of such a grand reference manual as the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. Much has changed, including the Kazan province. Next, I offer some materials on the history of the Kazan province (materials taken from the sources indicated at the end of the post)

Kazan province- an administrative-territorial unit of the Russian Empire and the RSFSR, which existed in 1725-1920. Provincial city - Kazan.

The Kazan province was formed in 1708 during the administrative-territorial reform of the Russian Empire, begun by Peter I. The basis of the province was the territory of the Kazan kingdom, which formally existed after the capture of the Kazan Khanate in 1552, was headed by the Tsar of the Moscow State on the rights of a personal union and was administratively governed by t .n. by order of the Kazan Palace in Moscow.

The first Kazan governor was Pyotr Matveevich Apraksin.

Initially, the Kazan province covered territories from Nizhny Novgorod to Astrakhan and was divided into voivodeships, from 1719 into provinces, and from 1775 into counties.

The Kazan province initially covered the territory along the right and left banks of the Volga from Nizhny Novgorod to Astrakhan. It consisted of Kazan, Sviyazhsk, Penza, Simbirsk, Ufa, Astrakhan and other voivodeships, which from 1719 began to be called provinces.

In the 18th century, at various times, Simbirsk (1780), Nizhny Novgorod (1718), Penza, Astrakhan (1717) and other provinces were separated from the Kazan province into independent administrative units.

In 1709, the Kazan province was divided into 4 provinces, in 1725 - into 6 provinces: Kazan, Sviyazhsk, Penza, Ufa, Vyatka and Solikamsk. Kazan was considered a province of the highest category, and all the others were assigned to it. Subsequently, the territory of the province was repeatedly reduced; Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk, Saratov, Orenburg provinces, parts of Vyatka, Perm, Tambov, Penza, Kostroma, Vladimir, Samara provinces were separated from its composition. However, the Kazan province did not lose its leading position.

IN In 1781, the Kazan province was transformed into a governorate (since 1796 - again a province), which included 13 counties. In the same year, the coats of arms of the province and district cities were approved.

At the end of the 18th century, there were 13 cities in the province: Kazan, Arsk, Kozmodemyansk, Laishevo, Mamadysh, Sviyazhsk, Spassk, Tetyushi, Tsarevokokshaisk (Yoshkar-Ola), Tsivilsk, Cheboksary, Chistopol, Yadrin, a total of 7272 settlements.

In the 19th century, the importance of Kazan as an administrative center increased even more. The capital of the province became the center of the educational (1805) and military (1826) districts.

IN 1920 , after unsuccessful attempts by the leaders of the Tatar national democratic movement to form on the territory of K.g. and the adjacent regions, first the Ural-Volga State, then the Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Socialist Republic, the creation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed. Kazansky, Laishevsky, Mamadyshsky, Sviyazhsky, Spassky (except some volosts that were transferred to Simbirsk province), Tetyushsky, Chistopol districts and a number of volosts of other districts of K.g. became part of Tatarstan (see Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the Autonomous Tatar Socialist Soviet Republic"), its other districts - Cheboksary, Tsivilsky, Yadrinsky - were later included in the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Kozmodemyansky and Tsarevokokshaysky (from 1918 - Krasnokokshaysky) - in Mari ASSR.

Governors K.g.: P.M.Apraksin (1708-13), P.S.Saltykov (1713-19), A.P.Saltykov (1719-24), I.A. von Mengden (1725), A.P. Volynsky (1725-27, 1728-30), V.N. Zotov (1727-28), M.V. Dolgorukov (1730-31), P.I. Musin-Pushkin (1731-35), A.I. Rumyantsev (1735-36), S.D. Golitsyn (1736-39), A.G. Zagryazhsky (1741-48), S.T. Grekov (1748-55), F.I.Golovin (1755-58), V.B.Tenishev (1758-64), A.N.Kvashnin-Samarin (1764-70), J.I.von() Brandt (1770-74), P .S.Meshchersky (1774-80), I.B.Bibikov (1780-81); governors general (viceroys): P.I.Panin (1774-75), P.S.Meshchersky (1780-92), M.I.Kutuzov (1793-96), S.I.Mavrin (1796), V.Yu.Soimonov (1822 -25), A.N.Bakhmetev (1825-28), A.E.Timashev (1864-65); viceroyal rulers: I.B. Bibikov (1781-83), I.A. Tatishchev (1783-89), S.M. Barataev (1789-96); military governors: P.S.Meshchersky (1796-97), B.P.deLassi (1797-98), P.P.Pushchin (1798-1801); citizen governors: S.M.Barataev (1796-97), D.S.Kazinsky (1797-99), A.I.Mukhanov (1799-1801), A.A.Aplecheev (1801-02), N.I.Katsarev (1802-03), B.A. Mansurov(1803-14), I.A. Tolstoy (1815-20), P.A. Nilov (1820-23), A.Ya. Zhmakin (1823-26), O.F. Rosen (1826-28), I.G.Zhevanov (1829-30), A.K.Pirkh (1830-31); military governors with civil administration. part: S.S. Strekalov (1831-41), S.P. Shipov (1841-46), I.A. Boratynsky (1846-50, 1851-57), E.P. Tolstoy (1850), P.F. .Kozlyaninov (1857-63), M.K.Naryshkin (1863-66); governors: N.Ya.Skaryatin (1866-80), A.K.Gaines (1880-82), L.I.Cherkasov (1882-84), N.E.Andreevsky (1884-89), P.A. Poltoratsky (1889-1904), P.F. Khomutov (1904-05), A.A. Reinbot (1905-06), M.V. Strizhevsky (1906-13), P.M. Boyarsky (1913-17).

Sources:

http://slovari.yandex.ru/~%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0 %B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%20%D0%B8%20%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD/%D0%9A%D0% B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1% 80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F/ Contents of the article "Kazan Province" from the Brockhaus and Efron dictionary

http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0 %BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1 %81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rpt=simage&p=2&img_url=kartoman.ru%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F04%2Fkarta_tatarstana.jpg&noreask=1&lr=5 Map of Tataria (Republic of Tatarstan)

http://www.ite.antat.ru/articles/kazanskaya_guberniya.html Institute of Tatar Encyclopedia

I came across a wonderful site with a large archive of old maps. There is a lot there, but I was especially interested in the map of Tataria from 1940. On the one hand, the administrative changes that have occurred since those times are insignificant, and this makes it easy to navigate the area and look for small “geographical news.” On the other hand, the republic was heavily flooded. Two huge puddles appeared on the map - the Kuibyshev and Nizhnekamsk reservoirs. Thanks to these hydro-dominants, Tatarstan, which is small in general, is noticeable even on the map of the entire country. Here, look what TASSR looked like before the great flood. The two “great rivers” of Russia, the Kama and the Volga, flow in frivolous, barely visible streams.

Kuibyshev. Not to be confused with Samara. Both Kuibyshevs were on the Volga. To distinguish them they said Kuibyshev regional (present-day Samara) and Kuibyshev district - now the city of Bolgar. Before the flooding, it was strictly speaking far from the Volga, on the Abyss River. And then... Kuibyshev was moved to a new place. See s. Bulgarians? So the whole city moved there. In general, during the construction of hydroelectric power stations in Tataria there were 78 settlements were completely relocated. Not flooded, as adherents of pristine ecology like to say, but rather transported. Houses, factories, schools, hospitals and even cemeteries.

Same place now. Kuibyshev in a new place and with a new name.


The confluence of the Volga and Kama. Look how it was before. At this point they flowed almost parallel, forming an unusual peninsula with its banks washed by two different rivers. The title photo shows a still from the film Volga, Volga. Unfortunately, this was filmed in a completely different place, but it will do for clarity. This is probably what it looked like. Two narrow but fast rivers flow together, nothing special.


Now there is water for fifty kilometers. The shore is not visible. Grandiose views now open from the Kama Ustye. The dachas here in Kazan are rich.


This is what it looks like now:

We go a little east, up the Kama. I have designated the Key Us with numbers. points. Was.


It has become. A large bridge across the Kama has now been built here. Previously, there was a ferry here and sometimes it took a whole day to travel from Chistopol to Kazan (130 km) due to long queues.


A little higher is the city of my childhood, Chistopol. Everything here has been covered by bicycles and covered with feet. Everything is familiar here.


And there is a lot here that is completely unfamiliar. Glass factory??? Never heard of him. What happened to him? He drowned(s)
Pay attention to the MTS icons. Already in 1940 there was cellular communication here.


You can see the place on the map along the arrow. There is nothing there except a couple of villages.

And now here is the third largest city in Tatarstan. 235 thousand people population. Europe's largest chemical plant. You can admire its beauty from our Elabuga shore.
The Kama here is narrow and pristine, but this is because it flows immediately after another dam - the Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric station. Immediately behind it is the sea again.


This is what Kama was like in patriarchal times. At number 1 Bondyuzhsky district and village. Bondyuga (emphasis on the first syllable of course). In 1940 it was a separate district. Then it will be attached to Elabuga, and then it will again become an independent unit. It will also be renamed Mendeleevsk. Here, too, a strong chemical plant is smoking, and an even larger one is being built. At number 3 is the Ik River, at number 2 is the city of Menzelinsk on the Menzel River. Remember them like this.


There was the city of Menzelinsk and the port of Menzelinsk on the Kama. There is such a distance between them.


And now here it is. Menzelinsk ended up on the Kama (actually the spilled Ik). In Soviet times, such an incident happened there. The old port sank, but the water did not reach the new one. The fact is that the water level was raised lower than planned, and the pier was built with this in mind.

How do cities grow and form? Almost the same. Some starting point has appeared that you need to get to - there is only one way to get to it. But the point that is gaining momentum is looking for more connections with the outside world. And where - like ours - there are no geographical intricacies, this point opens up several more roads for itself in the directions it needs.

Ancient roads are always naturally curved. They avoid hills, ponds, swamps and other inconveniences. They, like river beds, fidget over the years and centuries until they find the optimal position. Of the many directions needed by the point, the most important ones are highlighted. Finally, they receive names, most often from the area or objects to which they lead.

KAZAN MAIN POST OFFICE - ALL ROADS AND TRACKS IN THE PROVINCE WAS RECORDED FROM HERE

Over time, spin-offs from the initial settlement or simply new settlements are attached to these most important directions. Developed ancient systems of human settlement, including the Kazan system - a type of multi-legged creature. The spaces between the paws became meadows, arable lands, pastures, or remained nothing. Gradually, new settlements were formed in them, but the main ones clung to the paths to the main settlement - the city. Over time, some settlement on these roads flourished, became a local center and also gave its name to the road on which it grew.

Let's return to Kazan. We do not know the pattern of ancient roads or ancient settlements. The earliest reliable cartography came to us only from the 18th century. I emphasize - reliable - since previously there were world and regional maps, compiled, as a rule, by travelers, as well as local “drawings of lands”. The language of both is conventional in topographical terms. And of the acceptable and early ones, the most visual, in line with the topic under discussion, was the “Geometric map... of the major roads lying along the Kazan district” of the late 18th century. [ill.1]

The 8 “big roads” identified on it have retained their dominance to this day, although over time the gaps have all been built up, and they have their own new street grid. At that time these roads were called (from west and clockwise):

- The big postal road from the city of Sviyazhsk, also known as Moscow(now - approximately along 1st May Street and south of the Powder Plant, Arakchinskoe Highway, etc.);

- The road to the pilgrimage, i.e. - to the Raifa desert(approximately from 1st May Street to Gorkovskoe Highway, then this road turned into ZAVOLZHSKY KOKSHAY TRACT );

• 20493 views