Athens Acropolis. History of the Athenian Acropolis From gr
- The Acropolis in Athens is an elevated and fortified part of the ancient Greek city, a fortress, a refuge in case of war. Temples were usually built on the Acropolis in honor of the patron deities of the city.
- You can enter the Acropolis through the heavy gate - Propylaea
- . Immediately behind the Propylaea there is a view of the central square, in the center of which there once stood a statue of the goddess Athena Promachos (Warrior)
- To the right of the Propylaea, on a pyrgos (an outcrop of a fortified rock) stands a small, light and graceful temple known as the Temple of Nike Apteros (Wingless Victory)
- Behind the statue of the goddess Athena, Promachos was visible in the distance (architect unknown), temple of Athena and Poseidon on the site of a dispute between these gods for the possession of Attica.
- The main temple of the Acropolis and Athens, the strict and majestic Parthenon
- In the Parthenon Temple itself there was a statue of Athena Parthenos
- The temple and theater of Dionysus adjoined the northwestern slope of the Acropolis
- The Acropolis towers over all of Athens, its silhouette shaping the skyline of the city. In ancient times, the Parthenon rising above the hill could be seen from any part of Attica and even from the islands of Salamis and Aegina;
- After the declaration of independence of Greece, during restoration work (mainly in the late 19th century), the ancient appearance of the Acropolis was restored as far as possible: all late buildings on its territory were eliminated, the temple of Nike Apteros was rebuilt, etc. Reliefs and sculptures of the temples of the Acropolis are located in the British Museum (London), the Louvre (Paris) and the Acropolis Museum. The sculptures that remained in the open air have now been replaced by copies.
See you!
Architectural ensemble Athens Acropolis Pericles
After the Greco-Persian Wars begins
heyday of Athens.
At this time, they were led by Pericles.
He was a highly educated man
generally recognized
leader
Athenian
democracy.
Pericles united around himself the best
the minds of Hellas: his friends were the philosopher
Anaxagoras,
artist
Polykleitos
And
sculptor Phidias
In 443 BC. Athenians for the first time
elected him to the highest position in
your policy.
He was then re-elected 15 more times.
Pericles was an outstanding statesman and patriot. He
devoted all his energy and time to caring for Athens and its citizens. He was
honest and selfless.
He was famous as a wonderful speaker (he had eloquence - the art
speak correctly and convincingly). Pericles made several changes to
administration of the Athenian polis, in
rights of citizens.
Thus, he continued the reforms
Solona.
Under Pericles in Athens finally
democracy was established. Under Pericles, buildings were built in Athens
temples, public buildings,
strengthening Athens has become
to the most beautiful city in Greece.
Construction gave jobs to many
to the Greeks Supervised the construction
Acropolis
("fortress")
architect and sculptor Phidias,
friend of Pericles.
Athens Acropolis
stood on high
steep cliff,
rising on
150 m above level
seas.
He was
compositional
city center,
spread out near him
foothills Phidias
Phidias' childhood and youth passed during the Greco-Persian
war. He devoted almost all of his creative activity
creation of monuments glorifying the homeland and its heroes. WITH
460 BC Phidias began working in Athens. This
city-state, advanced Greek slaveholding
republic, center of Greek culture, occupied during the war
leading place and became in 478 BC the head
Athens Maritime Union.
Government leadership
Athens
states
played
vigorous
And
influential
political
figure
strategist
Pericles Considering that Athens has the right
thanks to
to his
position
hegemon
Greek
states
manage the union treasury,
Pericles decided to use these
funds for the restoration of the city and
Acropolis. Compositional
idea
ensemble
Acropolis
connected
With
Panathenaic celebrations and procession to the Acropolis of the Athenians.
On the last day of the Great Panathenaia, celebrated once every 4
year, a solemn procession of city citizens offered Athena
sacred veil (peplos), woven by the hands of Athenian girls.
This gift was a sign of the resurrection of the goddess Athena.
The holiday was accompanied by equestrian and gymnastic competitions,
competitions of singers and musicians.
The procession rose from the lower city, which lay at the foot of
Acropolis, to the very top of the hill, passing through:
- Propylaea,
- Pinakothek
- Temple of Nika Apteros
- past the monumental statue of Athena Promachos, towering in
center of the square,
- and the temple of the Erechtheion -
- to the majestic Parthenon (Temple of Athena Parthenos). Propylaea
The Propylaea is the grand entrance
It was built by the architect Mnesicles in 437-432 BC.
They are two Doric porticos, one of which faces the city, and
the other is to the top of the Acropolis
Adjacent to the propylaea on the left was the Pinakothek - an art gallery in which
paintings, memorial marble slabs and dedications to
to the gods The external and internal facades are six-column Doric
porticos. Statue of Athena Promachos
(warriors)
Having passed the Propylaea, we find ourselves on
the top of a leveled rock,
turned into a square
IN
center
area
towered a huge 17-meter bronze statue
Athens
Promachos,
patron of Athens
and the Greek people. Harsh
and the formidable goddess of the right
rests his hand on the spear, and
She held a shield with her left. This
the statue was clearly visible from
all sides of the city, and even from
seas
Nowadays the square is empty, because statue
destroyed in the 13th century. superstitious
knights crusaders Temple of Nike Apteros (Wingless)
The temple has four Ionic columns at both ends, and rests on the columns.
architrave, and the frieze above it is decorated with reliefs with scenes of mythological and
historical battles. To the right of the Propylaea was
tiny, graceful, light
temple
Nicky
Apteros
(wingless) – goddess of Victory
It was built by Callicrates in 427424 BC.
Inside
temple
was
wingless statue of a goddess.
There is a well-known legend, according to
to which this goddess brought
victory for the Greeks over the Persians, and
then the city residents will not
I wanted to part with her.
Depicting her as wingless, they
considered that the goddess had already
can never leave them
city. Parthenon
The composition of the Acropolis is based on the principle of asymmetry, the principle
free panorama. Therefore, the statue of Athena was placed to the left of the main axis
Pripylai, and the famous Parthenon was shifted to the right
The Parthenon Temple is dedicated to Athena
Parthenos (virgin)
Built by architects Iktin
and Callicrates (with supervision
Fidiem of the general concept
buildings of the Acropolis).
Constructed from golden pink
pentellian marble,
changing its shade in
depending on the time of day and
degree of illumination. According to its plan, the Parthenon is a Doric peripterus - 8x17 columns
10.5 m high. The temple is harmonious, thanks to the unification in it
properties of two orders - Doric and Ionic
The outer columns were of the Doric order, the walls themselves
the templecells were crowned by a continuous Ionic frieze Like all Greek buildings, the Parthenon is relatively low: a person looking
to the temple, I felt taller and broader in the shoulders, the dimensions of the building were not
pressed, did not belittle him.
There is not a single strictly horizontal or strictly vertical structure in the Parthenon.
lines. The lines of cornices, steps, columns - everything is just a little, imperceptible to the eye,
curved taking into account the characteristics of human vision. Thanks to this viewer
all lines appear perfectly correct.
At first glance, it seems that all the columns of the Parthenon are the same and stand side by side.
from each other at an equal distance. In fact, the spans between them
imperceptibly to the eye they increase towards the center.
The thickness of the columns also varies. You've probably noticed that there are trees against the sky
and other objects seem much thinner than they really are - the light seems to
“eats” the volume. To overcome this impression, corner columns
Parthenon, which are silhouetted against the sky, are slightly more massive than those
visible against the background of the wall.
And the columns do not stand straight: they are slightly inclined inward, towards the walls of the building,
to appear taller and slimmer. Features of the Parthenon:
- building it on the highest part
Acropolis;
- precisely calculated three-quarter view
this temple from the Propylaea;
- combination of masculinity and
femininity: Doric colonnade and
Ionic frieze;
- orientation of the Parthenon - entrance from
on the east side, the altar on the west;
- the need to go around the temple to enter
him;
- dispute between Athena and Poseidon for supremacy:
theme of the reliefs of the western pediment;
- theme of the reliefs of the eastern pediment:
birth of Athena from the head of Zeus
- battle of the lipiths (giants) with the centaurs on
metopach
- Panathenaic frieze - solemn
procession Inside, the building is divided into two equal parts. The treasury was kept in the rear wing
of the Athenian Maritime Union, and in the eastern part it melted on a high pedestal
famous statue of Athena Parthenos
Athena Parthenos is the last statue by Phidias. He worked on it for 10 years.
The height of the statue is 12 meters. It had a wooden base, covered with gold and
ivory
On Athena's head there was a helmet with an image of a sphinx and winged horses, on her chest
– aegis with the mask of Gargona Medusa. In her right hand she held a two-meter
the goddess Nike, and with the left - a shield. On the outside of the shield was depicted
battle between the Greeks and the Amazons. At the feet of Athena is an owl - a symbol of wisdom, and on the left is a snake,
personifying Erechtheus - the most ancient deity of Attica. Majestically
the flowing folds of her clothing resembled the grooves of slender fluted columns
In the 5th century AD the statue of Athena was taken to Constantinople by a Byzantine emperor,
and there, 100 years later, she died in a fire Satuya
was
completed
V
chrysoelephantine technique (gold and
Ivory). The navigator Pausanias
in his guidebook he describes it this way: “The
Athena is made of ivory and gold...
The statue depicts her at full length in a chiton
all the way to the soles of her feet, her head is on her chest
Ivory jellyfish in her hand
holding a picture of Nicky, approx.
four cubits, and in the other hand a spear. IN
At her feet lies a shield, and near her spear is a serpent;
this snake is probably Erichthonius.”
The goddess's helmet had three crests (the middle one with
sphinx, side with griffins). As he writes
Pliny the Elder, on the outside of the shield
the battle with the Amazons was minted, on
internal - the struggle of gods with giants, and on
Athena's sandals had an image
centauromachy.
Base
was
decorated
story with Pandora. On marble copies
the hand of the goddess with Nike is supported by a pillar,
whether it existed in the original - subject
numerous discussions. Nika it seems
tiny, in fact its height
was 2 meters.
Athena Parthenos Phidias did not cast Athena from bronze or carve it from white Pentelic marble.
Thousands of ivory slices were skillfully fitted to a wooden base
so that it seemed as if the head and hands of the great goddess were sculpted from one piece
this precious and noble material. The yellowish bone looked
snow-white thanks to the contrast with the helmet and robe of the goddess from the chased
gold. Athena's round shield was also gold. On the shield Phidias presented scenes
battles of the Greeks with the warlike Amazon women. He depicted tens
figures: Greek warriors and legendary warriors. And in the center it was possible
see a bald old man lifting a stone with his hands. This is Phidias himself.
The government of Athens considered this
insolence
And
Start
judicial
stalking the sculptor.
Portrait of Phidias on a shield. Detail of the shield of Athena Parthenos. Athena Parthenos, shield, reconstruction The outside of the Parthenon was decorated with scenes of fierce battles (from mythological
stories)
The internal relief frieze of the Parthenon went around the entire building. On marble
a ribbon 160 meters long and 1 meter high depicted a solemn
procession of the inhabitants of Athens on the day of the Great Panathenaia
In terms of harmony, fusion of forms and beauty of rhythm, he had no equal in
world art. Western pediment of the Parthenon, reconstruction, Dispute between Athena and Poseidon Western pediment, Athena and Poseidon (near Athena's olive tree and salt spring
Poseidon) East pediment, in the center are Zeus on the throne and Athena in full
weapons that just jumped out of Zeus's head. Metopes of the Parthenon:
On the metopes there were reliefs depicting battles between centaurs and lapiths, and on
frieze depicted the procession of the Panathenaic festival: girls in long
robes carrying sacrificial vessels, young men on horses and chariots,
priests; seated deities awaiting the arrival of the procession and so on. Combination
rigor of style and architectural conditions with naturalness and freshness of figures,
their naivety and seriousness give these works of the school of Phidias their character
hills. Comparing them with the statues of previous times, it is necessary
marvel at the liveliness of the figures on them. They are the reproduction of free movements
of people. All characters are expressed in these works with the greatest simplicity and
naivety; all movements are relaxed and graceful, all the details of each
the poses are true to nature. Plastic here has completely freed itself from the immovable
symmetry and rigidity of archaic antiquity. Erechtheion
The Erechtheion is a small Ionic temple created in 421-405 BC.
The temple is dedicated to the goddess Athena, the god Poseidon and the mythical king Erechtheus.
According to legend, it was here that a dispute took place between Athena and Poseidon for the right
own Attica.
Capital of modern Greece,
according to ancient myth,
got its name from
named after the ancient pagan
goddesses. She was arguing with
Poseidon
behind
right
patronize
ancient Greek city.
In the place where Poseidon
struck with great force
trident into the ground, and Athena
Pallas showed the townspeople
beautiful olive tree,
And
was
built
Temple
Erechtheion. The composition of the temple is very complex. It is built on an uneven rocky platform
slope, has three porticoes completely different in size and shape.
Each of its facades is unique in its own way. This is explained by the fact that in the temple
They glorified more than one pagan god and more than one Athenian king. At the western
facade of the Erechtheion Temple there is (more correctly, there was) the tomb of the king
Cecrops, who - according to legend - was a snake man.
From the western side
facade and the same thing grew
famous
olive
the tree that revealed
Pallas Athena.
Moreover, it is growing in
real
moment,
Truth,
divine
it already originated
does not have: he was imprisoned
restorers at the beginning
20th century. No matter from which side we approach this temple, it greets us from everywhere
new, unexpected composition of the facade, asymmetry of the corners
In one of the porticoes, the role of columns is played by koras - figures of girls
Caryatid statues blend seamlessly with the architecture. They perform
constructive role, replacing columns, and at the same time look great
against the background of the marble wall of the temple. The ingenuity of Greek artists created a very special form,
which subsequently became widely used. Instead of columns there were
sculptural human figures were placed. Caryatid – sculptural
image of a beautiful girl in the form of a standing female figure, which
serves as a support for a beam in a building. Male figures performing similar
functions are called atlases (they are not in the Erechtheion).
Atlant
V
ancient Greek
mythology - titan,
rebel
against
gods, why was
punished by duty
support heavenly
vault
Charter, Atlas asked
Perseus turn him with
with help
heads
Jellyfish in stone and steel
Mount Atlas. Theater of Dionysus
(capacity – 17000
people) Theater of Dionysus - an ancient theater building on the south-eastern slope
Athenian Acropolis. It is one of the most ancient theaters in the world. The theater was
built in the 5th century BC e. and was made of wood. Performances in the theater took place
twice a year - during the Lesser Dionysia and the Great Dionysia.
Around 326-325 BC. e. the theater was reconstructed: wooden stage and rows
the seats were replaced with marble ones. Stone seats were placed in 67
rows, reaching the base of the Acropolis. The theater now accommodated up to 17 thousand spectators,
which at that time constituted about half of the Athenian citizens.
Due to its enormous size, the theater was devoid of roofing, and therefore
actors, choir and spectators were located in the open air, and the stage
The action took place in natural light.
The first row consisted of 67 marble chairs for honorary spectators. On them
the names and positions of the owners were carved.
“Styles in Architecture” - Chartres Cathedral. Which period corresponds to the period of the emergence of the Romanesque style? Romanesque castles. Classicism. Roman style. Interior of the Winter Palace. Cathedral in Cologne. An image is a form of reflection of reality in art using characteristic techniques. Art of Ancient Egypt. The building of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. (1754-1762).
“Architecture of the 14th-17th centuries” - Customer: lead. book Tent architecture of Moscow. In the 17th century, artists began to show interest in the real world. S. Ushakov is the founder of the Russian portrait - “parsuns”. Moscow Kremlin under Dmitry Donskoy. Holy Trinity Lavra of Sergius near Moscow. The most intense struggle in the The 14th century unfolded between Moscow and Tver.
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"Architecture" - 1. Pillar. 3. Arch. Architecture –. A system of buildings and structures that organize the spatial environment for people’s life and activities. “Letters” of the language of architecture. Architecture. Main types of architecture. 2. Crossbar. 3. Urban planning: Aimed at creating new and reconstructing old urban areas.
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History of the Athenian Acropolis From gr. akra polis – upper city. The Acropolis of Athens is the city fortress of Greece. This is a fortified part of the city, which is located on a hill and saved the Greeks from danger. Statues of the gods and patrons of ancient Greece were placed on the Acropolis. It was also the residence of the ruler.
Architecture of the Athenian Acropolis The Athenian Acropolis was built after the war between the Greeks and the Persians and became a symbol of a great victory. In 449, a plan for the territory was approved. Several famous architects worked on the design of this complex, but Phidias is considered the main architect.
Parthenon - the first temple The construction of the Parthenon lasted from 447 to 428 BC. architects and Ictinus and Callicrates. It is considered the main temple of the Athenian Acropolis. It used to house another statue of Athena Parthenos, designed by Phidias, but it has not survived
There is a legend that tells about the dispute between the Goddess Athena and Poseidon. The gods could not share power over the city. Then the elders were called to help, whose decision was to check the usefulness of the gift of each of the participants in the dispute. Then Poseidon turned the hill into a sea wave, and Athena grew an olive tree. So the Goddess Athena won the argument, and the olive tree became the symbol of the city.
Temple of Athena Nike Apteros Athena Nike is another incarnation of Athena on the Acropolis. It was built by Callicrates in BC. The building is an amphiprostyle with two Ionic porticoes with 4 columns. The frieze depicts episodes of the Greco-Persian wars and the gods - Athena, Poseidon and Zeus
Slide 2
Akroo pol (ancient Greek ἀκρόπολις - upper city) - an elevated and fortified part of the ancient Greek city, the so-called upper city; fortress (shelter in case of war). Temples of the patron deities of a given city were usually located on the Acropolis. The most famous is the Acropolis in Athens, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Slide 3
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Slide 5
Propylaea – ceremonial entrance to the Acropolis (437–432 BC). Built by the architect Mnesiklos and located in the western part of the Acropolis. The Propylaea are two Doric porticos, one of which faces the city, the other faces the top of the Acropolis. The ceilings of the porticos were decorated with coffers (square recesses) painted with gold stars on a blue background. These gates were the boundaries of the sanctuary. In this building, two orders were used for the first time: Doric on the outside, Ionic on the inside. To the right and left of the western portico there were pavilions of unequal size. The larger northwestern wing of the Propylaea housed the Pinakothek, an art gallery. In the southwestern wing of the Propylaea there is a library. The Propylaea had no sculptural decoration.
Slide 6
The Temple of Nike Apteros is an unusually elegant marble temple adjacent to the southwestern wing of the Propylaea, built by the architect Kallikrates. The building is placed at a slight angle to the façade of the Propylaea. Standing on a three-stage pedestal, the temple was surrounded on all sides by a sculptural ribbon frieze, which depicted episodes of the struggle between the Greeks and the Persians, and the Olympian gods (Athena, Zeus, Poseidon). Inside the temple there was a now-unpreserved sculpture of Athena Nike, according to eyewitnesses, depicted with a helmet in one hand and a pomegranate fruit, a symbol of victorious peace, in the other.
Slide 7
The statue of Athena Promachos (AthenaWarrior) is a huge bronze statue by Phidias on the Athenian Acropolis, erected in 465-455 BC. e. It stood on a high pedestal between the Erechtheion and the Parthenon. Athena was depicted wearing a helmet, with a shield and a spear, and the helmet and the tip of the spear were gold. Installed on a high pedestal in the center of the Acropolis, it was a kind of connecting axis of the entire ensemble. Depicted in a luxurious helmet, with a shield and a spear, she was visible from afar, from the sea, because the sun sparkled on the golden parts of the statue (the tip of the spear, the helmet). The sculpture of Athena Promachos by Phidias amazed contemporaries with its grandiose dimensions.
Slide 8
The Erechtheion is an outstanding monument of ancient Greek architecture, made by an unknown author (421–415 and 409–406 BC). One of the legends associated with this temple talks about a dispute between the gods (Athena and Poseidon) over the patronage of Attica. An olive tree grew next to the temple - a gift from Athena to the inhabitants of the city. Burned by the Persians in 480 BC, as legends told, it was reborn again. The floor of the temple bore traces of the blow from Poseidon's trident. A special feature of the temple is its unusual asymmetrical layout, taking into account the unevenness of the soil. On three sides the building is decorated with porticoes of various shapes, including the famous portico of the caryatids. The temple consists of two rooms located on different levels. The eastern part of the temple, located higher than the western, is dedicated to Athena
Slide 9
Parthenoo n (ancient Greek Παρθενών) is the most famous monument of ancient architecture, located on the Athenian Acropolis, the main temple in ancient Athens, dedicated to the patroness of this city and all of Attica, the goddess Athena the Virgin (Ἀθηνᾶ Παρθένος). Built in 447 - 438 BC. e. architect Callicrates based on the design of Ictinus
