English Channel Strait between. English Channel on the map

The English Channel is a famous strait, which is also called the English Channel. This canal separates Great Britain and the French coast. Translated from French, the name of the strait literally means “hand”.

The English Channel flows into the Pas de Calais Strait. These two straits connect the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. The strait has a length of 578 kilometers. Its maximum depth is 172 meters.

Due to the large number of shoals, especially in the east, and frequent fogs, navigation on the English Channel is difficult. A westerly wind blows over the strait almost all the time, which is the reason for the constant eastern current, the speed of which reaches 3 kilometers per hour in the narrowest places.

The English Channel became famous due to the construction of a huge tunnel.

The Channel Tunnel is the longest in the world. This is simply an amazing piece of engineering. Its length is more than 50 kilometers, 38 of which were laid underwater along the seabed. The Channel Tunnel opened in 1994 as a modern transport system connecting the British Isle to the continent.

Over the past two hundred years, people have developed a variety of ways to cross the English Channel. It was first proposed to build a tunnel in 1802, and the Committee for its creation was formed already in 1892. There were even proposals to build a bridge over the English Channel. In 1986, the French and British governments received an offer to companies to seriously develop blueprints for the tunnel. A year later, the best one was chosen from 9 projects.

In reality, there are three tunnels: one service and two railway. Construction work began on British shores in December 1987, and in France three months later. The giant machines, equipped with rotating cutting heads, took a whole month to lay every kilometer. In total, the construction of the tunnel took three years.

The tunnels were laid on average 45 meters deeper than the seabed. When the two parts of the service tunnel were separated by a hundred meters, workers manually dug a small tunnel that connected them. The two halves met in 1990. Two railway tunnels were completed on May 22 and June 28, 1991.

Another seven months later, they finished laying all three tunnels and began laying the rails. During this time period, engineers were developing railway terminals near Calais in France and Folkestone in the UK. The tunnel was opened by Queen Elizabeth II and President Mitterrand on May 6, 1994.

Special trains equipped with platforms for cars and passenger carriages run every hour. In total, 350 electric trains pass through the tunnel during the day, which can transport up to 200 thousand tons of cargo. Naturally, luggage control is very strong, if you want to experiment, put MMG in your backpack and you won’t go anywhere. After some time you will be released, because... The MMG is not a firearm. Cars use the tunnel trains as a moving highway. They enter the carriage from one side and leave 35 minutes later from the other. Electric locomotives travel at speeds of up to 160 kilometers per hour.

The entire construction of the tunnel cost 10 billion pounds - twice as much as originally planned. One year after its official opening, Eurotunnel announced a loss of £925 million - one of the largest negative amounts in UK corporate history. And in 1996, a fire occurred in the tunnel due to a truck that caught fire, which suspended its work for six months.

Coast of the English Channel (English Channel)

Despite the fact that the tunnel project was insanely expensive and to this day has not yet been recouped, the structure is still an example of modern engineering excellence that takes functionality and safety into account to an equal degree.

The first people reached Britain by land. But about 8,500 years ago, the sea level rose and in place of the land “bridge” a strait was formed, known to us as the English Channel (from the French la manche - “sleeve”), and to the British as the English Channel (“English channel”). And a couple of centuries ago, people remembered what sport was, and the strait became an obstacle that could be conquered...

...swimming

The mustachioed captain of the British merchant fleet, Matthew Webb, once read a story in the newspaper: a swimmer tried to swim across the English Channel, but he failed. “So I can do it!” - decided 27-year-old Webb and began training in cold water. On August 25, 1875, Matthew drank an energy drink of his own invention (cherry brandy with chicken eggs), rubbed himself with dolphin fat and stepped into the water. There were incidents along the way (Matthew received a severe burn from contact with a jellyfish) and difficulties (he hung out off the French coast for five hours, waiting for the strong tidal waves to subside). But 21 hours and 45 minutes after the start, the tired Englishman set foot on French soil. Webb drowned eight years later while trying to swim across. MH warns: not all sports are good for your health.

...by plane

In 1908, the British newspaper Daily Mail announced a reward - £1,000 would be given to the first person to cross the English Channel by plane. The first attempt, made by the Frenchman Hubert Latham, failed - Hubert was caught by sailors somewhere in the middle of the strait. Another Frenchman, Louis Bleriot, took to the air in a Bleriot XI monoplane of his own design on July 25, 1909. This aircraft, for example, did not have a throttle (the engine operated in one mode, carrying the pilot over the water at an average speed of 70 km/h at an altitude of about 80 m). And Louis adjusted his course, looking from above exactly where the sea vessels were heading. But everything worked out right for him in the end: after 37 minutes of flight, Louis Bleriot landed the plane safely on the English coast.

...on the coracle

Bernard Thomas lived all his life in the tiny Welsh town of Llechryd - he fished in the local Teifi River and made coracles, local boats made of willow twigs. Thomas turned 51 when he made his name in history: in 13 and a half hours, Bernard crossed the English Channel on one of his coracles. Thomas tried to draw attention to the popular story in Wales about Prince Madog, who in 1170 with like-minded people sailed (on coracles, of course) to North America.

...without arms and legs

26-year-old Frenchman Philippe Croizon once climbed onto the roof of his house to fix a TV antenna and received a significant electric shock. Doctors cut off Croison's arms (up to the elbows) and legs (he was left without feet). 16 years after the incident on the roof, the disabled man threw himself into the English Channel, but not to drown himself. 14 hours after launch, on September 18, 2010, he floated out on the other side. To cross the strait, 42-year-old Philip used special prosthetic arms and legs.

...fastest

Picture this: On September 8, 2012, Trent Grimsey, a member of the Australian open water swimming team, strokes the coast of France. Its yellow cap either disappears under the waves, then appears again on the surface. There is a boat nearby; the sailor periodically hangs signs overboard - messages for the future record holder. “You have to do what you set out to do,” his mother tells the swimmer. Well, he did - he crossed the English Channel in a record 6 hours and 55 minutes.

How to swim across the English Channel on your own

In its entire history, just over 1,000 people have swam across the English Channel - less than . Do you want to join the elite, or even set a record? Since 1995 (after several deaths), France has introduced a ban on swims that start from its shores, so now athletes set off exclusively from Great Britain.

You must inform the Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation (cspf.co.uk) about your intention; for 250 euros, the federation will help organize and register the swim. You can cross the canal only when accompanied by a boat (with a doctor and a representative of the association); renting a boat will cost 1,000 euros or more. Keep in mind that swimmers are not allowed to wear wetsuits, but a special fatty composition of Vaseline and lanolin can be applied to the body. During the swim, the athlete should not touch objects (people, boats), so food and drinks are passed to him from the boat on a sliding pole.

32 kilometers is the width of the English Channel at its narrowest part, the “strait within the strait” of Pas de Calais. But due to strong currents and heavy ship traffic, athletes usually have to travel 50 kilometers or more.

The first Russian to conquer the English Channel

Muscovite Pavel Kuznetsov actually just wanted to lose weight. I went to the gym and put myself on a diet. Then he took up swimming and got so carried away that he decided to conquer not our “I’m losing weight...” section, but the whole English Channel. Pavel prepared for the swim for about two years. Starting on August 22, 2006, it moved for 14 hours and 33 minutes at a pace of 61–63 strokes per minute, the last hours in a sea state of 4 points and in complete darkness.

The swim, important for our country, ended on August 23 at 01:20 at night on the beach near the French city of Calais (read more about this story on Kuznetsov’s website paulkuz.ru). In the photo - Pavel after the finish.

Pavel Kuznetsov about how he swam across the English Channel:

“...For some reason, my thighs froze the most. And towards the end, I felt a sharp pain in my right hand. I endured for about forty minutes, then I couldn’t stand it and asked for painkillers. They handed me two tablets on a long pole. I finished in deep darkness: I stood up and felt the sand under my feet. At that moment I felt like the happiest person. Because he swam? Because everything ended well? I don’t know why...”

15-18ºC is the water temperature in the English Channel in summer and early autumn, when swims are most often organized.

Oceans, lakes and rivers

English Channel (English Channel)

The English Channel or English Channel is located between the southern coast of England and the northern coast of France. Through it the Atlantic Ocean connects with the North Sea. Part of the canal is the Pas de Calais Strait or the Dover Canal, as the British call it.

Geographical data

The total length of the strait in question is 560 km. The maximum width in the west is 240 km, the minimum width in the eastern part is 33.1 km. As for the depth, the maximum reaches 174 meters, and the average depth is 63 meters. The total area of the English Channel corresponds to 75 thousand square meters. km.

The western border of the strait runs between Cape Land's End (Land's End) in England and the island of Ile Virgue, located 1.5 km from the French coast of Brittany. On the island is the tallest stone lighthouse in Europe. The eastern border runs between the French lighthouse of Valde, located 6 km east of the city of Calais, and the northern tip of St. Margaret's Bay in England. It is near the port city of Dover.

The Pas de Calais Strait is 33.3 km long with an average depth of 30 meters. On a clear day, standing on the French coast, you can see the English coast. It is here that the most popular route is located for swimmers trying to swim from one shore to another.

English Channel on the map

Name of the strait

The name "English Channel" has been widely used since the early 18th century. It has been designated this way on nautical charts, only in the Dutch manner “Engelse Kanaal”, since the 16th century. As for the French name "English Channel", it was used in France back in the 17th century. From time immemorial, the Spaniards have called the strait "El Canal de la Mancha", and the Portuguese say "Canal da Mancha". The word "mancha" means "spot" in Spanish and Portuguese.

Cities

In terms of population, the English Channel is more densely populated on the English coast than on the French coast. The largest is the English city of Portsmouth with a population of 422 thousand people. Then comes Southampton with a population of 304 thousand people. This is followed by Plymouth with a population of 259 thousand people, Brighton with a population of 156 thousand people, Torbay (130 thousand people) and other cities with smaller populations.

On the French coast, the largest city is Le Havre. Its population is 248 thousand inhabitants. Next comes Calais with 105 thousand inhabitants, Boulogne-sur-Mer with 93 thousand inhabitants and other smaller cities.

In terms of freight traffic, the English Channel is the busiest shipping route in the world. 500 ships pass through it every day. At the same time, ships heading towards the North Sea move along the French coast, while those hurrying to the Atlantic stick to the English shores. This division is associated with a whole series of clashes that were characteristic of the early 70s of the last century. It was after this that two-way traffic was created with a separation zone in the middle.

Eurotunnel

A railway tunnel has been built under the English Channel. It is double track and has a length of 51 km. Moreover, 39 km pass directly under the strait. The Eurotunnel was put into operation on May 6, 1994. Passengers traveling on the train spend 30 minutes in the tunnel. It connects the English port city of Folkestone and the French town of Coculles, located near Calais.

This engineering structure consists of 3 tunnels. Two of them have rail tracks, and between them there is a service tunnel. Every 380 meters it is connected by passages to working tunnels. It is designed for service personnel and also performs emergency functions. In the event of a breakdown of the rolling stock, passengers can be evacuated using it.

The tunnels have interchanges, which allows trains to move freely. By the way, it is left-hand, as on all railways in Great Britain and France. With the advent of the railway tunnel, the number of ferry crossings in the Pas-de-Calais Strait has decreased.

The train leaves the Eurotunnel

The first people to swim and fly across the English Channel

The first time the English Channel was flown across the English Channel was on January 7, 1785 by Frenchman Jean Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffreys. The flight was attempted to be repeated on June 15, 1785 by the French Pilatre de Rozier and Pierre Romain. But their balloon did not fly from France to England because the wind direction changed. The ball fell to the ground 5 km from the point of departure, and people died.

The first to swim across the channel was the Englishman Matthew Webb. He began the swim on 24 August 1875 from Admiralty Wharf in Dover. I swam breaststroke and planned to reach the French coast in 5 hours. But a strong current carried the swimmer to the side. So Webb took 21 hours and 45 minutes to swim to Calais. Its zigzag route was 64 km long.

The French pilot Louis Charles Bleriot flew across the strait for the first time on July 25, 1909. A double flight there and back was made by the English pilot Charles Stuart Rolls on June 2, 1910. The first flight with passengers dates back to August 23, 1910. The American pilot John Bevins Moisant committed this risky act. The passengers on the plane were a mechanic and a cat named Fifi.

The first woman swam across the canal on August 23, 1926. It was American swimmer Gertrude Caroline Ederle. Queen of the Waves - that's what they called her in the USA. She crossed the English Channel breaststroke in 14 hours and 39 minutes. The people listed were the first, so their names are widely known in the world.

Ecology

Given the heavy traffic of ships, the strait is experiencing certain environmental problems. They are associated with oil spills and damage to toxic cargo. More than 30% of the world's water pollution incidents occur in the English Channel. The most notorious occurred on January 18, 2007, when the container ship Napoli crashed in the waters of the English Channel.

It carried 41,773 tons of cargo. At the same time, 1684 tons were classified as hazardous. 103 containers fell into the sea. A large oil slick also formed, which negatively affected seabirds. And similar incidents, albeit in smaller quantities, happen in these waters regularly.

Sergey Gubanov

Very interesting facts.

1. The length of the Channel Tunnel is 51 km, of which 39 pass directly under the strait. Trains traveling from London to Paris and back spend 20 to 35 minutes in the tunnel.

2. Thanks to the Eurotunnel, you can travel from Paris to London by train in just 2 hours and 15 minutes.

3. Contrary to misconception, the English Channel Tunnel is not the longest railway tunnel in the world, but only ranks third.

The second place is at the Japanese Seikan tunnel, connecting the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido, the length of which is 53.85 km.

And the longest in the world is the Gotthard railway tunnel in the Swiss Alps, the official opening of which is scheduled for 2017. Its length is 57 km.

4. The idea of building a tunnel connecting England and continental Europe was first mooted at the beginning of the 19th century, but was rejected for a long time due to British fears that the structure could be used for a military invasion of the island.

5. Construction of the tunnel began in 1881 and 1922. For the first time, the builders managed to cover 2026 meters on the English side and 1829 meters on the French side. In the second, tunnel drilling stopped at only 128 meters. Both times construction was interrupted for political reasons.

6. In the post-war period, the Channel Tunnel project progressed extremely slowly.

The research team began work in 1957, the project was approved in 1973, after which it was frozen again, and the actual construction of the tunnel began only on December 15, 1987.

Channel Tunnel Project, ca.

Where is the English Channel?

7. The Eurotunnel technically consists of three tunnels - two main ones, which have a track for trains going north and south, and one small service tunnel.

The service tunnel has passages every 375 meters that connect it with the main ones. It is designed for access to the main tunnels of maintenance personnel and emergency evacuation of people in case of danger.

8. Road transport travels through the Channel Tunnel in special trains.

At the same time, drivers and passengers of passenger cars transported by Eurotunnel Shuttle trains do not leave their vehicles. The procedure for loading a car into a carriage takes no more than eight minutes.

Construction of the Channel Tunnel, 1993.

9. Over the twenty years of operation of the Eurotunnel, seven major incidents occurred in it, due to which the normal operation of the tunnel was disrupted for a period of from several hours to several months.

Most of the incidents were related to fires, however, thanks to the professional actions of rescuers, casualties were avoided.

10. A total of about £10 billion was spent on the construction of the Eurotunnel, and the project cost of construction was exceeded by 80 percent.

According to experts, the payback period of the project may exceed 1000 years.

The Thames, on which the English capital London stands, was a left tributary, on the banks of which lies the German River. When they melted, sea levels rose, and vast areas became the bottom of the English Channel. Britain became an island. However, the idea of reconnecting the two most important parts of Europe by land road has long been the cherished dream of the inhabitants of the Old World.

For two centuries, scientists have been developing different ways to overcome the English Channel. The tunnel project was first proposed more than 100 years ago, in 1802. Albert Mathieu proposed a project for crossing the English Channel, and the next year a similar plan arose on the other side, in England. True, at that time they were more inclined to build a bridge that would pass over the strait. This gigantic structure was supposed to consist of five-kilometer spans suspended above the sea on heavy-duty cables. The idea was rejected - such gigantic bridges had never been built before, and experts doubted: would the structure be reliable? There were also completely unusual proposals. For example, about erecting artificial islands throughout the entire strait, and from these islands stretching bridges that connect with each other. But this was an even more unrealistic project. It was decided to stop at building an underground road.

The idea of building a road leading from France to England had many opponents. Many people said that in case of war between two countries, this tunnel could be used against the enemy. However, even then this objection was considered absurd. After all, if there is a threat of attack, it is very easy to quickly block the tunnel by blowing up or filling up even a small part of it. And the troops at the exit of the tunnel are more of a convenient target than a formidable force.

For a long time everything remained at the level of projects and plans. They started thinking seriously about building a tunnel only in 1955. They even started construction and started digging pits. However, nothing came of this venture. Two years later, the energy crisis forced workers and engineers to abandon the dug pits, which quickly filled with rainwater. Only 11 years later, the governments of England and France announced that they were ready to again consider the possibility of a land connection between the two. But with one condition - all work must be carried out by private companies at their own expense.

9 best projects were selected, and for a whole year there was serious debate about which one deserved more attention. A year later, according to the majority, the best was chosen. It was supposed to lay railway tracks and highways for cars next to each other. However, the road under the strait had to be abandoned. First, a car accident in a tunnel is much more likely than a train crash. But the consequences of such an accident in a long underground “pipe” can be serious and paralyze traffic for a long time. Secondly, an armada of cars rushing into the tunnel would inevitably fill it with exhaust fumes, which means a very powerful ventilation system would be required to constantly clean the air. Well, thirdly, it is known that traveling in a tunnel tires the driver. We decided to go with the design, which was described back in the 1960 project and finalized in the mid-70s.

Work began on the English coast in December 1987, and on the French coast three months later. Huge machines with rotating cutting heads laid a kilometer a month. In total, the construction of the tunnel took three years.

The tunnels were laid, on average, 45 meters below the seabed. When the two halves of the service tunnel were separated by only 100 meters, a small tunnel was dug by hand to connect them. Until the moment of docking, 120 mine locomotives removed rock from the faces, monthly traveling a distance equal to two distances around the earth. The workers met at the end of 1990.

The completion of the two railway tunnels took place on June 28, 1991. However, do not think that the construction was completely completed. Only the central tunnel was completed. And it was still necessary to dig a second, service tunnel, and also lay rails. More than 2,000 companies took part in the international competition for the right to receive an order for rails for the strait. French customers preferred those made in Russia.

The tunnel was completely opened relatively recently - on May 6, 1994. Queen Elizabeth II herself and President Mitterrand took part in its opening. After the ceremonial part, the Queen boarded the train and arrived from London Waterloo station to the town of Calais on the French coast. In turn, Mitterrand arrived there from the Gare do Nord station in Paris via Lille. As the locomotives of the two trains stopped nose to nose, the two heads of state cut the blue, white and red ribbons to the sounds of their countries' national anthems, which were performed by the band of the French Republican Guard. Then the British and French delegations in Rolls-Royce cars crossed the tunnel to the British coast, to the town of Folkestone, where exactly the same ceremony took place as on the French side.

Features of the Channel Tunnel

In reality, there are three tunnels: two railway tunnels (one receives trains from France to England, the other from England to France) and one performs operational functions. Currently, this is the fastest route from London to Paris or (about 3). Passenger trains depart regularly from London Waterloo and take you to Paris's Gare du Nord or Brussels' Midi-Zuid.

The diameter of each tunnel is 7.3 meters, the length is about 50 kilometers, of which 37 pass under the water column. All tunnels are clad in dense concrete frames, the walls of which are about 40 centimeters.

Special trains with platforms for cars and carriages for passengers depart every hour. In just a day, 350 electric locomotives pass through the tunnel, making it possible to transport more than 200,000 tons of cargo. Cars use the tunnel trains as a moving highway. They enter the carriage at one end and exit at the other after a 35-minute journey. Electric locomotives reach speeds of up to 160 kilometers per hour.

There are many incidents associated with the Channel Tunnel. For example, on October 12, 2003, an unknown person was discovered there who lived in a tunnel for ... 2 years, occasionally coming to the surface to stock up on food and water. It is strange that it was not discovered earlier, since a system of internal surveillance cameras is stretched along the entire length of the tunnel.

The following year, an emergency occurred: an employee of the English branch of Eurostar discovered 15 people on the railway tracks. Some of them were wounded, one very seriously. According to a British police spokesman, illegal immigrants (presumably Turks) were most likely found in the tunnel. Apparently, intending to get to England, they climbed into one of the carriages of the freight train while still on the mainland, and then jumped off while moving in the place where the train slows down a little at the exit of the tunnel.

However, such violations are suppressed. For this purpose, there is a serious security service working 24 hours a day.

The entire project cost £10 billion - twice as much as planned. A year after its official opening, Eurotunnel announced losses of £925 million - one of the biggest negative amounts in British corporate history. Additionally, in 1996, freight traffic through the tunnel was suspended for 6 months due to a fire caused by a truck that caught fire.

Although the tunnel project was very expensive and the costs have not yet been recouped, the structure still represents an example of modern engineering excellence, taking safety and functionality into account in equal measure.

Geographical position

Crossing the English Channel by swimming

Swimmers across the English Channel cross it in difficult conditions: cold water (15-18 degrees in summer), waves and wind (swims take place in waves up to and including 4 on the Beaufort scale), as well as currents caused by tides. In this regard, over the entire history of the English Channel, about 900 people were able to cross the English Channel (as of the beginning of 2008) - this is less than the number of people who conquered Everest.

The first swimmer in human history to cross the English Channel was British swimmer Matthew Webb in 1875 in 21 hours and 45 minutes. The first woman swam across the strait in 1926 in 14 hours 39 minutes (Gertrude Ederle, USA).

USSR athletes did not swim across the strait.

The first Russian to cross the strait is amateur swimmer Pavel Kuznetsov (36 years old) (August 22-23, 2006, 14 hours 33 minutes 25 seconds). On August 24, 2007, Russian Yuri Kudinov set the third time in the world standings at 7 hours 5 minutes. 42 sec. In 2007, two Russians also crossed the strait: on August 26 - Natalya Pankina (8 hours 11 minutes) and on September 6 - Alla Kassidy (13 hours 7 minutes).

The record among men belongs to the Bulgarian swimmer Petr Stoychev (2007, 6 hours 57 minutes 50 seconds); among women – Czech swimmer Ivetta Hlaváčová (2006, 7 hours 25 minutes 15 seconds).

The slowest swims through the strait are also noted. The record is 26 hours 50 minutes. (Henry Sullivan, USA, 1923).

The first Azerbaijani to swim across the bay in 2009 is Emin Dowhulo (2009, 8 hours 23 minutes 55 seconds)

Links

"Russian English Channel" (about swims across the English Channel by Russian athletes)
La-Manche (a blog for those who are planning to swim the English Channel and sympathizers)

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See what "La Manche" is in other dictionaries:

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Manche pagodas- * manche pagode. Sleeve that flares downward. Figure 3 shows a plush visite, which can be peau de loutre or black, with beaver trim on the collar and sleeves, reminiscent of the former manche pagode. New 1885 7 Mosaic… … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

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- (Manche) department in northwestern France, in the hills of the Cotentin Peninsula. Area 6.4 thousand km2. Population 453 thousand people (1971). The administrative center is the city of Saint Lo. Livestock region; occupied under pastures... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (La M.) dpt. all in. parts of France, along the shore of the Strait. La M.: 6411 sq. km., the population in 1901 was 491,372. The main city. S. Lo (6500 inhabitants); Cherbourg is more significant (42,938 inhabitants). The climate is maritime, humid, with an even, relatively warm temperature.… … Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

Manche- (Manche) Manche, department in the region of Basse-Normandie in the west. France; pl. 5938 sq. km, 479,640 people. (1990); adm. center Saint Lo... Countries of the world. Dictionary

Coordinates: 50°11′01″ N. w. 0°31′52″W d. / 50.183611° n. w. 0.531111° W d. ... Wikipedia

Books

Bridges across the English Channel. British literature 1900 - 2000, Reingold Natalya Igorevna. The book includes rare materials related to English literature of the twentieth century - the author’s interviews with Iris Murdoch, John Fowles, Martin Amis and Piers Paul Reid, as well as essays about famous...