Floating bridges. Floating bridges of Rus'-Russia

A modern floating bridge (for general civil purposes) consists of an approach, a floating (actually floating) and a transition part (ramps, shore links) for connecting with the shore.

River fleet vessels (barges, dinghies), pontoons, links of pontoon parks, caissons, rafts, pipes, etc. can be used as a floating structure.

Barges are the most preferred, as they have large dimensions (length - 60-85 m, width - 12-17 m) and carrying capacity (600-3,000 tons).

Collapsible bridges allow repeated assembly and disassembly.

Transported by road.

Assembly does not require the use of special equipment (one 16-ton truck crane is sufficient).

They are indispensable as temporary bridges during the repair and reconstruction of permanent ones, and can also be used in remote, hard-to-reach areas when they are developed before the construction of permanent bridges.

As for permanent bridges of this kind, their construction can take several months.

Organizations constructing floating bridges face several difficulties:

• firstly, the seasonality of the work, here it is necessary to take into account various features of the reservoir - time and levels of standing water, various hydrological characteristics of the annual water regime
• secondly, depending on the nature of the ice drift, it may be necessary to build backwaters to cover the bridge after it is withdrawn, which makes construction more expensive (and the cost of the annual standard maintenance of floating bridges and ferry crossings)

The longest floating bridge in the world remains the so-called “Second Bridge” across Lake Washington.

Its total length is 3,839 meters, and the length of the floating part is 2,291 meters. Its total construction cost was $15 million and it was completed in August 1963 AD.

It is believed that the longest floating bridge in Russia is the road bridge across the Amur Channel near the village of Osinovaya (a suburb of Khabarovsk), its length is 746 m (connects the Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island with the right bank of the Amur from May to October). The bridge is opened once a day according to the navigation schedule.

There is a project for a floating bridge between the mainland and Sakhalin Island.

The construction of waterways and hydraulic structures in general is one of the indicators of the level of economic and educational development in the country.

The exchange of experience in the design and construction of floating bridges is facilitated by IABSE (International Association of Bridges and Structures)

In conditions of year-round operation, short-term interruptions in operation are possible due to the construction of the bridge for the passage of ships, as well as autumn slush and spring ice drift.

Floating bridges can be adjustable; to allow ships to pass, one part of the bridge, the outlet link (raft), is moved to the side.

Direct wiring time is 5-15 minutes.

Floating bridges, when they are raised to allow passage of ships, have: on the right side of the span - two red lights at the downstream and upstream corners of the span, and on the left - two white lights in the same places. In addition, on the extended part of the bridge, at the end protruding into the river from the running side, a light is installed (red to the right bank, white to the left).

On an erected floating bridge, white lights are installed along its entire length at a height of at least 2 m above the upper edge of the bridge every 50 m, but not less than three lights.

The lights must be visible 360° horizontally at a distance of at least 4 km.

Regulation of the passage of ships through floating bridges is carried out by bridge owners using semaphore signaling (UVVT, Art. 19 "a").

The semaphore is installed on the bank when approaching the bridge (upstream and downstream) or on the bridge itself (Fig. 24).

The semaphore consists of a mast and signal figures, which are a cylinder and a cone and hang on the end of the yards.

Signal figures are located vertically one above the other. The cylinder is painted black, and the cone is painted red. The relative position of the signal figures has the following meaning:

• the cylinder is at the bottom, and the cone is at the top - passage is allowed for ships going to the top (Fig. a);
• Two cones with their vertices pointing upward, one under the other - passage is prohibited both down and up (Fig. b);
• The cylinder is at the top, and the cone is at the bottom - passage is allowed for ships going down (Fig. c).

At night, instead of signal figures, two vertical lights rise on the mast. The green light replaces the cylinder in its meaning, and the red one replaces the cone.

At night, the navigable span of the floating bridge is indicated by signal lights, which are located at the corners of the protruding parts of the bridge.

In this case, permanent red lights are installed on the right (downstream) side of the navigable span of the bridge, and green lights are installed on the left.

Today, multi-purpose rafts made of fiberglass and composite material based on rigid polyurethane foam and fiberglass with polyester resin are also used.

5.4.69. The main tasks of maintaining floating bridges and ferry crossings are organizing the safe and uninterrupted movement of vehicles and people across water barriers and the safe passage of ships on navigable rivers, preventing the formation of defects and timely elimination of minor damage in the structures of bridges and ferry crossings, maintenance of mooring devices, ferries and tugs.

5.4.70. Floating bridges and ferry crossings are equipped with service premises, rescue and fire-fighting equipment and means of traffic control at the approach to the bridge or crossing. At night, bridges and crossings are illuminated (if there are power lines nearby, and on navigable rivers - in any case).

Ferry crossings are also equipped with the necessary materials (tarpaulin, quick-hardening cement, wooden plugs, etc.) to carry out emergency work to eliminate damage, as well as means for quickly pumping water out of the vessels.

On navigable rivers, floating bridges and ferry crossings are equipped with navigational signs. Signs, the mode of their operation, the construction of bridges and the passage of ships are accepted in accordance with the current Rules of navigation on inland waterways.

5.4.71. Work on the maintenance of ferry crossings and floating bridges is assigned on the basis of daily inspections of structures, devices and mechanisms of crossings carried out by service personnel in accordance with their job responsibilities.

During their maintenance, the following work is performed:

Daily inspection of all structures, interfaces, mechanisms and devices for distributing, lifting transition spans and berths, tug fastenings, mooring devices, navigational marks, watercraft and their interiors, as well as daily inspections by service personnel of the parts, structures and watercraft entrusted to them with identifying defects and damage to watercraft;

Constant monitoring of the condition of anchors and other fastenings of floating bridges, floating berths, guide cables, fastenings of ferries to cables and tugs to ferries, tightening anchor cables and fastening cables;

Regular cleaning of dirt from the roadway and sidewalks of floating bridges, cargo decks and platforms for ferry passengers, transition spans and superstructure structures, monitoring the condition of water drainage from structures;

Ventilation of the interior of watercraft in dry weather, pumping out emerging water;

Lubrication of guide rollers and cable blocks for moving ferries and laying floating bridges;

Maintenance of engines, steering devices and mechanisms of towing boats and motor ships, as well as winches, mechanisms for laying floating bridges, lifting transition spans;

Tightening bolted connections, tapping staples of wooden structures, adjusting mating elements;

Regulation of the height position of berths and transition spans, routing, consolidation, seasonal dismantling and erection of floating bridges;

Maintenance of watercraft settings, life-saving appliances, navigational signs, semaphores and traffic control devices, pavilions and passenger waiting areas.

5.4.72. Preventive maintenance work on ferry crossings and floating bridges that does not require stopping the operation of the crossing as a whole or individual technical means as part of the crossing includes:

Restoration of elements of artificial roughness of metal coatings on the roadway, replacement of individual decking boards and local repair of roadway coatings and sidewalks of floating bridges, transition spans and berths, cargo decks and areas for ferry passengers;

Elimination of subsidence at the junction of transition spans with approaches;

Restoration or replacement of individual sections or sections of railings, fences, wheel guards on floating bridges, ferries, berths and approaches (in the waiting area for vehicles), barriers installed before entering the crossing;

Replacement of sheathing of pile supports of transition parts and berths, ice cutters;

Cleaning from rot, eliminating damage, preserving and painting individual wooden elements of the spans of floating bridges on separate floating supports, transition spans and berths;

Elimination of individual shells and cracks, local restoration of the protective layer of reinforced concrete elements of spans and berths, the surface of reinforced concrete pontoons and landing stages;

Replacement of individual crossbars, simple purlins, replacement or editing of individual connections;

Cleaning, filling and touch-up of individual elements and sections of superstructures and freeboard of watercraft;

Replacement of mooring chains, anchor and guide cables and fastening cables, as well as cable fastenings to floating supports, ferries and shores, tug fastenings to ferries;

Correction and replacement of rigging, signal (semaphore) masts, navigation signs and lights;

Minor repairs of engines of towing ships and boats, winches, fire and drainage pumps;

Elimination of local damage to the skin of watercraft and their leaks, local damage to superstructures, individual components and systems of watercraft, berths, interfaces and transition ladders, as well as minor repair work in the interior of watercraft.

5.4.73. During planned preventive maintenance (PPR), all activities can be carried out while restricting or prohibiting traffic through the crossing. This includes:

Complete replacement of decking or installation of new asphalt concrete pavement on the roadway and sidewalks of floating bridges, transition spans and berths, on the cargo deck and areas for ferry passengers;

Complete replacement of railings, guardrails and wheel guards on floating bridges, ferries, berths and transition spans, approaches in the vehicle waiting area, restoration of sidewalks on floating bridges, at the junction of spans with approach embankments, beam cage;

Continuous painting of metal structures, hulls and superstructures of watercraft, complete antiseptic and painting of wooden structures, installation or complete restoration of protective coatings, elimination of numerous cavities and cracks on concrete and reinforced concrete structures;

Replacement and strengthening of part of the skin and individual elements of the hull set of watercraft, repairing damage to the hull of reinforced concrete pontoons and landing stages;

Repair of main engines, devices and systems of towing ships and boats, self-propelled ferries;

Restoration of damaged individual beams of spans, replacement of connections and supporting parts.

5.4.74. When maintaining crossings with the approach of cold weather, constant monitoring of the river regime is organized.

When sludge appears on the river, it systematically breaks off the ice from the sides of floating supports and ships, cables and anchor ropes. The bottoms of watercraft are cleaned by pulling a steel cable. To protect anchor ropes from being cut by ice, pieces of metal pipes or boxes made from three boards are put on them.

Mooring devices are protected by fences (booms) located on the upstream side and, if necessary, on the downstream side. The booms are made from single or paired logs and securely secured with anchors (moored).

5.4.75. During periods of flood, ice drift, and freeze-up with low traffic volumes, floating bridges are removed to backwaters or the least dangerous sections of the river. The pontoon parking area is protected with ice cutters. The ice around the mooring piles is chopped off, the holes are insulated with straw, brushwood, etc.

In case of heavy traffic across the crossing and weak ice cover, floating bridges are preserved for the winter period. To do this, a lane is built and maintained around the bridge throughout the winter, and floating facilities are regularly cleared of ice.

5.4.76. Damage to the skin of floating craft is repaired as it appears. As temporary measures, the following are used: overlays made of boards, tightly attached to damaged areas of wooden cladding using putty, bitumen mastic, etc., wooden plugs for sealing small single holes in steel cladding, steel sheets for sealing individual large holes, tarpaulin plasters, as well as quick-hardening concrete for grouting work.

Ferry crossings (ferries, tugs, floating moorings) and floating bridges are operated in accordance with river transport documents.

5.4.77. The cargo deck of ferries is protected by a wheel guard, and the area for transporting passengers is fenced off from the cargo deck and on the side by railings with handrails. The entrance to the deck is fenced with removable safety cables or covered with lifting ramps.

On the approach to the crossing, barriers and corresponding road signs are installed (including a diagram of the arrangement of vehicles on the ferry), the necessary road markings are applied, fences and other devices are installed to ensure traffic safety, as well as pavilions for passengers.

5.4.78. The cable (rope) is secured to a ferry with a tug so that it can be quickly released in order to avoid a collision of the ferry with objects or ice floes floating on the river.

Mooring arrangements for ferry crossings are made to ensure the possibility of operating the crossing in conditions of changing water levels. The depth of water near the pier is allowed to be no less than 25 cm greater than the maximum draft of the ferry (including heel). The maintenance and repair of mooring devices and superstructures of floating bridges, depending on their material and structures, is carried out in accordance with the relevant sections of this chapter.

5.4.79. All elements of the crossing structures are protected from corrosion or rotting. Metal elements of watercraft are painted with bitumen paints, and wooden elements are tarred. When the anchor fastenings of floating supports are weakened or they are displaced, the ropes are tightened or the anchors are made heavier.

The technology for eliminating damage to metal, reinforced concrete and wooden structures of spans and other elements is similar to that used on bridge structures on permanent supports.

Studying the origins of Kyiv, you can find documentary references to the crossing of the Dnieper in the area of ​​interest. I offer a selection of drawings and photographs confirming the very possibility and actual implementation of such crossings.

Similar structures have been known since ancient times. Herodotus (5th century BC) reports that during the campaign to Scythia, the Persian king Darius (522-486 BC) to cross his army across the Bosphorus and Danube ordered ships to be placed side by side, on top of which they were laid wooden flooring. His successor Xerxes (486 - 465 BC), who undertook a campaign against Greece, when constructing a similar crossing across the Bosporus, ordered a rope to be twisted and pulled across the strait to keep the ships from being carried away by the current.

Documents were found about the Kyiv crossings, but first, as always, Rome marked itself in history.

The figure shows a diagram of the construction of a simplified pile bridge.

Roman technology is often said to be synonymous with military technology. The world famous roads leading exclusively to Rome were not built for everyday use, they were of military importance. By definition, no “traffic jams” could arise on them. Thanks to roads, the legions quickly reached their destination and returned just as quickly. Roman pontoon bridges served the same purpose.

This is the brainchild of Julius Caesar. In 55 BC. he built a pontoon bridge over the Rhine. The length of the bridge was about 400 meters. The Rhine was traditionally considered by German tribes to be their defense against Roman invasion. And here you go.

The bridge was built in just ten days, using only lumber. Caesar wanted to cross the Rhine and he did it.

The pontoon bridge was held across the river by cues (poles) driven into the bottom of the Dnieper. It consisted of two parts. One part connected the left bank of the Dnieper with Rybalsky Island, which in those days was longer, the other was thrown across the Pochaina River and connected the island with the right bank.

The diagram shows a log deck with piles (cues) sticking out of the water, to which the boats located under the deck are tied. The adjustable section is located on the right bank of the Dnieper. To allow ships to pass, it was pulled up to the pile, which is farther away from the transport than the others.

Bridges over the Moscow River. 1476

The presence of many bridges across the Moscow River within the city is confirmed by Ambrogio Contarini, the Ambassador of Venice: “The city of Moscow stands on a small hill; the castle and the rest of the city are wooden. A river called Moscow runs through the middle of the city and has many bridges. The city is surrounded by forests." The ambassador was passing through Russia and admired Moscow bridges from August 1476 to January 1477.

Our artists did not stand aside either. A.M. Vasnetsov, “The Moscow Kremlin under Ivan III.” http://www.bibliotekar.ru/kVasnecovApp/15.files/image001.jpg

This bridge was rebuilt many times, having its own name - Moskvoretsky.

Centuries after Contarini’s visit, on May 28, 1987, when the USSR celebrated the next Border Guard Day, 19-year-old German Matthias Rust landed on the modern Moskvoretsky Bridge in a small Cessna-172 sports plane. Rust, without an entry visa, crossed the Soviet border, flew 800 km over the territory of the USSR and landed his plane in the center of Moscow.

The plane turned left and descended to land between the Kremlin's Spasskaya Tower and St. Basil's Cathedral. Rust failed to land the plane directly on Red Square; there were many people on the square. Having made another turn over the Rossiya Hotel, he descended, landed in the middle of the Moskvoretsky Bridge and taxied onto Vasilyevsky Spusk.

Bridge over the Oka River, Nizhny Novgorod.

How wonderful it is that old postcards are preserved in family archives.

In the center of the picture on the Oka and Volga arrow you can see the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, and on the river there are many ships in front of the pontoon bridge.

Bridge over the Neva, St. Petersburg, 1727

In total, there were 11 large floating bridges in the Neva delta in St. Petersburg. The first of them is St. Isaac's. It was brought in in 1727 on the orders of Prince A.D. Menshikov, the de facto ruler of Russia at that time. The bridge connected Vasilyevsky Island with the left bank of the Neva a little west of the Admiralty - where St. Isaac's Church stood, from which the bridge got its name.

Under the leadership of the ship's master, bombardier-lieutenant F. Palchikov, the St. Isaac's Bridge was rebuilt in 1732. It consisted of a number of barge-decks, anchored. Purlins and flooring were laid on the barges. To allow ships to pass through, the bridge had movable parts in two places.

Everyone who used the bridge was charged according to the established tariff. From pedestrians - 1 kopeck, from carts - 2 kopecks, from carriages and carriages - 5 kopecks, from 10 small livestock - 2 kopecks, from ships (with a drawbridge) - 1 ruble. Only palace carriages, palace couriers, participants in ceremonies and fire brigades were allowed through for free. The toll was abolished in 1755.

Isaac's Bridge was built annually in the summer season for 184 years. On June 11, 1916, a spark from a tugboat passing along the Neva ignited and burned down.

Granite foundations on the side of the University Embankment and on the side of Dekabristov Square are mute witnesses of the St. Isaac's Bridge that once existed here - the first floating bridge across the Neva.

Pontoon bridge in Orsha, 1895

In past centuries in Russia, pontoon bridges connected the shores not only in the capitals.

In the picture the Dnieper is not far away, and this is the Orshitsa River.

Source: http://orshagorodmoy.info/forum/24-170-1

Military bridges of Kyiv in 1941

The Dnieper has known many bridges in different centuries.

During the retreat of the Red Army in 1941, all the beautiful bridges across the Dnieper were blown up.

Below are photographs taken presumably by a German non-commissioned officer, the owner of the album, which was picked up by one of the Kiev residents after the Nazis retreated from Kyiv soil. Photo source: http://reibert.livejournal.com/50011.html

The length of the bridge is 110 m, load capacity is 20 tons.

(VSN 24-88-3)

Ferry crossings:

Gene layout It is recommended to develop a ferry plan depending on the structure and volume of transportation, the nature of transportation, the type of transportation, the structure of transported vehicles

The area of ​​the entrance roadstead should usually have dimensions that allow you to fit a circle with a diameter greater than or equal to -2.5 m

Ferries by purpose (railway, railway with car deck, car ferries with passenger spaces, car-cargo ferries)

The simplest form of transport communication between the shores is the ferry crossing. Ferry crossings are used when traffic on the road is weak, the construction of a permanent or floating bridge is not economically feasible, as well as to temporarily provide communication between the banks, for example, during the construction of a floating bridge during a flood or ice drift.

The ferry crossing consists of a ferry moving between the banks, mooring devices (piers) for loading and unloading it, and approaches to the mooring devices.

For the ferry crossing, a section of the river with the greatest possible depths is chosen, both within the main channel and near the banks, for unimpeded movement of the ferry along the river and its approach to the piers. It is advisable to locate ferry crossings in stretch areas, avoiding sharp bends in the river, as well as places where banks are susceptible to erosion.

The type of ferry, method of transportation and its design depend on the amount of cargo transported by the ferry, the width of the river and its water regime.

On non-navigable rivers of small width, ferries made of barges, pontoons or pontoons moving across the river using cables are used for crossing with low capacity.

Floating bridges

If it is necessary to cross a high-water river with great depth of water or weak soils in its bed, the construction of bridge supports becomes more complicated and more expensive. In such cases, it is sometimes advisable to build a floating bridge on floating supports. Floating bridges are often installed to provide communication between the banks for a short period of time, for example, when constructing a stationary bridge during its construction. Floating bridges can be successfully used on pioneer roads. Floating bridges play a significant role in wartime conditions.

The main feature of floating bridges is that they have a variable level. When the water horizon in the river fluctuates, the floating bridge rises or falls. When a moving load passes across the bridge, the floating supports are quite submerged in the water, which also causes significant vertical deformations (deflections) of the bridge (Fig. 137, a). All this complicates the interface of floating bridges with the banks, since special transition structures are required.

Rice. 137. Schemes of floating bridges: a - an ordinary floating bridge; b - floating bridge at a constant level; c - floating bridge with ride directly on floating supports; d - navigable span in a floating bridge;

1 - coastal overpass; 2 - transition span; 3 - floating part; 4 - span;

5 - riding anchor; 6 - downstream anchor; 7- anchor rope; 8 - anchor or screw pile;

9 - tie for securing the floating support at a constant level; 10 - terminal part

It is also possible to construct floating bridges that maintain a constant level when the water horizon fluctuates or the bridge is loaded with a temporary load. In them, floating supports are connected by vertical strands or cables to anchors fixed in the bottom soil (Fig. 137, b). Anchors can be heavy anchors (metal or concrete) or screw piles screwed to a sufficient depth. The tie rods are given an initial tension corresponding to the calculated pressure on the support from the temporary load with the required safety factor. The greatest forces arising in the securing devices are the difference between the calculated displacement of the floating support and the minimum pressure acting on it. At the lowest operational water level and the bridge is loaded with a temporary load, the tension in the fastening devices weakens, but should not reach zero.

Floating bridges can be wooden, metal and reinforced concrete.

Depending on the operating conditions, floating bridges can be stationary, operating all year round, or seasonal, operating intermittently.

Stationary floating bridges are used in cases where the regime of the river being crossed allows the bridge to be used throughout the year. However, most of the rivers of the USSR freeze in winter, and in the spring there are floods and ice storms on the rivers

The floating part, or the floating bridge itself, usually consists of floating supports and spans resting on them. To ensure the necessary load-carrying capacity, floating supports have to be given rather large dimensions in plan. In order not to hamper the living cross-section of the water obstacle being crossed, floating supports are usually developed in the direction of the river flow (see Fig. 137, a).

1. Study the typical structure and classification of rivers. 2. Familiarize yourself with the types of crossings. Give their purpose and characteristics. 3.

Rivers and their characteristics

Rivers are divided into:

Types of crossings, their purpose and characteristics

Equipment and maintenance of landing crossings

Engineering equipment entering service at the present stage