What language is spoken in Vietnam. Vietnamese language

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The modern Vietnamese writing Chữ Quốc Ngữ (literally “national script”) based on the Latin alphabet was developed in the 17th century, but began to be widely used much later - only at the beginning of the 20th century.

Throughout the entire period of the existence of the Vietnamese state and until the beginning of the 20th century, Chinese characters (the Vietnamese name is “hanvan”), as well as the Vietnamese writing Chữ Nôm (literally “folk writing”), developed on their basis, were used in Vietnam. At first, this writing was used exclusively for recording geographical names and personal names, but over time, tynom began to spread throughout the country and penetrate other areas of life, in particular, literature. Since the 14th century, tynom began to be used in administrative documents. Over many centuries, this writing has become a tool for creating many masterpieces of Vietnamese literature.

The earliest surviving work of Vietnamese literature written in Tien is Thien Tong Ban Hanh, which dates back to the 13th-14th centuries. The poem “Kieu” (“Kim Van Kieu”) by Nguyen Du (1766–1820) is one of the exceptional creations of Vietnamese literature.

In the first half of the 17th century, based on the work previously done in the Far East by French, Spanish missionaries and Vietnamese Christians, an alphabet based on the Latin alphabet was developed for writing Vietnamese texts, which, in fact, is still used in Vietnam.

In 1651, the Catechism and the major Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin lexicon with a lengthy phonetic and grammatical outline were already published in Rome.

While Hanwan (Chinese) served the official side of the state, primarily the life of the imperial court and its ritual, the work of officials, the Academy of Literature and the system of competitive examinations, and Vietnamese texts were created in Tian (local hieroglyphic writing), mainly in the field of fiction literature, the new writing became multifunctional: it united all aspects of the life of the Christian diaspora.

During the reign of colonial France in Vietnam, absolute priority in development was given to the national Vietnamese language. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the Vietnamese intelligentsia, advocating the modernization of the country, considered it necessary to officially introduce the Quoc Ngu phonetic script (picture on the right).

In 1910, a Latin-based script, in which tones are indicated by diacritics, received official status.

If during the reign of hieroglyphic writing, education and literacy were overwhelmingly the property of men (there were very few educated women, and they belonged to a privileged class), then in modern society the situation has changed dramatically. Moreover, the traditional Confucian “Chinese literacy” teacher (thầy đò) was replaced by the typical image of a young primary school teacher (cô giáo), whose prerogative became the pedagogical process.

By the middle of the 20th century, an interesting process of spiritual unification of different generations of Vietnamese studying Quoc Ngu was observed. At the same time, teenagers who had already learned a new literacy often became teachers of their older relatives and comrades in evening educational classes for adults.

The modern Vietnamese alphabet has 29 letters:

The main difference from Latin letters is the addition of diacritics to the vowels at the top and bottom of the letter. This is done due to the need to correctly identify each of the six tones. That is, depending on the intonation (tone) with which a word is pronounced, it can have up to six meanings.

Vietnamese phonetic writing is the language of modern fiction, science, education, government administration, and daily friendly and official communication. Written in any language of the world, including non-hieroglyphic ones, texts can be translated into Quoc Ngi with ease and grace.

Quoc Ngy calligraphy on bamboo (picture on the right). Fourteen commandments of the Buddha: 1. The greatest enemy in a person’s life is himself. 2. The biggest stupidity in a person’s life is a lie. 3. The biggest defeat in a person’s life is arrogance. 4. The biggest sadness in a person’s life is envy. 5. The biggest mistake in a person’s life is losing oneself. 6. The biggest fault in a person’s life is ingratitude. 7. The most worthy regret in a person’s life is the belittlement of one’s dignity. 8. The most admirable thing in a person’s life is to rise after falling. 9. The greatest loss in a person’s life is the loss of hope. 10. The greatest asset in a person’s life is health and mind. 11. The greatest duty in a person’s life is sincere feelings. 12. The greatest gift in a person’s life is generosity. 13. The biggest flaw in a person’s life is misunderstanding. 14. The greatest consolation in a person’s life is good deeds. Source: http://www.nhat-nam.ru/

Quoc Ngu's letter serves as a unifying factor for Vietnamese compatriots living abroad. Due to the fact that their own alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, Vietnamese learn European languages ​​more easily, and foreigners master Vietnamese faster, again thanks to familiar letters.

Grammar, morphology of the Vietnamese language

Vietnamese is a tone language. It has six tones: high smooth, descending smooth (or falling), descending-rising (sharply interrogative), ascending-descending (interrogative), rising, sharply descending (heavy). Vietnamese is a monosyllabic language: morpheme (or root) boundaries usually coincide with syllable boundaries.

Vietnamese is an isolating language. This means that grammatical relationships are expressed primarily by word order and function words.
The author of this text, as well as many of his fellow Vietnamese scholars, generally consider the Vietnamese language to be one of the most wonderful languages ​​in the world. The parts of speech here do not change either by cases, or by persons, or by numbers - in no way. The words simply don't change here.

To form, for example, the comparative degree of an adjective, a special service particle is used: đẹp - beautiful, đẹp hơn - more beautiful. Verbal tenses are formed in a similar way: a particle is used before the verb - an indicator of the present, past or future tense: viết - write, đã viết - wrote, đang viết - I am writing, sẽ viết - I will write. And forget about English with its complex system of tenses or French with its feminine and masculine articles!

In Vietnamese, the definition always comes after the word being defined: cô đẹp - beautiful girl (lit. beautiful girl). The vast majority of Vietnamese words are monosyllabic, and therefore it may seem that in Vietnamese all written words are divided into syllables...

Vietnamese vocabulary

As a result of long-term Chinese influence on Vietnam, much of the Vietnamese vocabulary in the fields of science and politics is borrowed from the Chinese language. Up to 70 percent of all words in modern Vietnamese have Chinese roots. Although many of them are composite and include native Vietnamese words and Chinese borrowings. Most of the roots were also borrowed from the Thai language, which made it possible some time ago to put forward a theory about the relationship between the Vietnamese and Thai languages. As a result of French colonization, a considerable proportion of words in the Vietnamese language have French roots. The English and Russian languages ​​also left their mark on Vietnamese.

Since Vietnamese uses the Latin alphabet, when borrowing words from English, French and other Romance languages, there is no need to rewrite them in katakana (as in Japanese) or look for similar-sounding characters, as is done in Chinese. Nevertheless, the Vietnamese language has developed its own system of adapting foreign words to the sound principles of the Vietnamese language. For example:

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a country in the east of Indochina, in Southeast Asia. It neighbors China in the north, borders Laos and Cambodia in the west, is washed by the South China Sea in the east, and the Gulf of Thailand in the southwest. Vietnam consists of three historical regions: Northern (Bac Bo), Central (Trung Bo) and Southern (Nam Bo). The French, who colonized the country in the nineteenth...

Travel phrasebook

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a country in the east of Indochina, in Southeast Asia. It neighbors China in the north, borders Laos and Cambodia in the west, is washed by the South China Sea in the east, and the Gulf of Thailand in the southwest. Vietnam consists of three historical regions: Northern (Bac Bo), Central (Trung Bo) and Southern (Nam Bo). The French, who colonized the country in the nineteenth century, called these areas Tonkin, Annam and Cochin, respectively.

One can only regret that Vietnam is located so far away, but this is perhaps the only drawback. This country has a lot of advantages - amazing nature, wonderful hotels with the highest quality service and very reasonable prices, clean, well-equipped beaches, exciting excursions, the invariably friendly attitude of the Vietnamese. The Russian-Vietnamese phrasebook will be useful to travelers if they are going to visit amazing Vietnam with a rich history and pristine nature. We have collected the most frequently used words and expressions in Vietnamese with pronunciation for your convenience and more comprehensive communication.

See also “”, with which you can translate any word or sentence into Vietnamese (or vice versa).

Basic words

Numbers and numbers

Shops and restaurants

Tourism

How to get

Public areas and attractions

Dates and times

At the very least, you will feel much more confident with him. Especially if you learn a few useful phrases in Vietnamese. Most often, Vietnamese is needed in restaurants to understand the menu. It is best to print out a Vietnamese phrasebook so as not to become dependent on the charge level of your gadgets.

I have prepared a small Russian-Vietnamese phrasebook for you.

Language of Vietnam

What is the language in Vietnam

Official language in Vietnam- Vietnamese (tieng viet).

The Vietnamese language is also widely spoken in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Australia, France, Germany, the USA, and Canada. It is spoken by more than 80 million people worldwide.

Language of Vietnam has characteristics in different regions of the country. There are three main dialects: northern, central and southern.

Since Hanoi is a city with a developed tourist infrastructure, the staff in hotels, restaurants and cafes speaks spoken English. In the service sector, French and Russian are also spoken. Difficulties in translation Russian travelers are ignored in developed tourist centers of Vietnam.

Language of Vietnam has a complex phonological structure. One word, pronounced with different intonation and tone, can have up to six meanings.

For a long time Vietnamese language was influenced by the Chinese language. Two-thirds of the words in the Vietnamese language come from Chinese, and during the period of French rule, Vietnamese vocabulary was enriched with French words.

Until the beginning of the 20th century Vietnamese alphabet was hieroglyphic. But a little over a century ago, the Latin alphabet was introduced in the country. Diacritics were added to Latin vowels to indicate the tone of pronunciation of the letter. The modern Vietnamese alphabet consists of 29 letters.