Spain: why Madrid looks the way it does, or the architecture of Madrid. Spain: why Madrid looks the way it does, or the architecture of Madrid Descalzas Reales Monastery

Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ................3

Chapter 1. History of urban planning of Madrid.................................................... ......6

Chapter 2. Architectural monuments of Madrid

2.1. Royal Palace. Escorial......................................................... ............13

2.2. Temple architecture........................................................ ............................16

2.3. Squares of Madrid................................................... ..................................20

2.4. Monuments........................................................ ...........................................25

Conclusion................................................. ........................................................ ..........28

List of used literature......................................................... ....................thirty

Applications

Introduction

The cultural significance of the capital of Spain is difficult to overestimate. After all, over the past few centuries Madrid has become the center of dramatic and musical theaters, numerous museums and architectural monuments. The historic center of Madrid is located southeast of the area of the former royal palace. Unfortunately, during the reconstruction of the city in the 19th-20th centuries. Most of the architectural monuments were lost. The appearance of old Madrid, with its irregular layout characteristic of a medieval city, has been preserved only to the southwest of Plaza Puertadel Sol, located on the site of the eastern gate of the medieval city. In this part of the capital, one should highlight such architectural monuments of the 16th-17th centuries as the ensemble of Plaza Mayor (1629), the Episcopal Chapel (1520) and the Church of San Antonio de los Alemanes (1624) in the Herreresco style.

In the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century. Classicism dominated the architecture of Madrid. Architectural monuments dating back to this period are the Royal Palace (1738-1764), the Town Hall, the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, rebuilt in 1774 under the direction of the architect X. de Villanueva, the Church of San Francisco el Grande , the Prado Museum, the Church of San Antonio de la Florida, in which F. Goya’s paintings are still preserved.

The rapid growth of Madrid occurred in the second half of the 19th century. During this period, Madrid intensively merged with its suburbs. Art Nouveau became the leading architectural style. The Cathedral of Nuestra Señora de la Almudena, built at the end of the 19th century, is the most striking example of this trend in the history of the development of architecture in Spain.

In 1929, a master plan for the reconstruction of Madrid was developed, headed by the architect F. de Escondrilla. During the Republican government, intensive work was carried out to improve the city. According to created in the 1950s. The new master plan for Madrid was to be developed primarily in the north, east and southeast. This is how a number of satellite cities appeared, including Escorial and El Prado. To replace eclecticism in the 20th century. modern trends have arrived. A striking example of the trends characteristic of this period are the Ministry of Aviation, built under the leadership of the architect L. E Soto (Ciudad Jardin district, “garden city”), the university campus, the Zarzuela racetrack (1935), the Institute of Constructions and Cement (1951). The most important work of architecture of the 1960s. can be called the “White Towers” skyscraper by the architect F. X. Saenz de Hois.

The masterpieces of monumental sculpture in Madrid can be admired endlessly. No one will be indifferent to the famous equestrian statues of Philip III (1613), Philip IV (1640), fountains of the 18th century, monuments to Columbus (1885), F. Goya (1905), two monuments to M. Cervantes (1835 and 1927), made of bronze.

Madrid is of great importance for connoisseurs of Arab-Moorish art. Here, as nowhere else, you can trace the history of its development from the very beginning to the era of its greatest prosperity in the 13th-14th centuries.

The capital has more than 100 museums and art galleries. But the hallmark of Madrid can rightfully be called the Prado Museum, where priceless paintings by Botticelli, Raphael, Titian, Bosch, Bruegel, Goya, Rembrandt, El Greco, Rubens, Durer, Velazquez, Caravaggio and many other famous artists are kept. In separate rooms of the Prado Museum, classical sculpture, works of jewelry, as well as a fine collection of porcelain and coins are presented. The Archaeological Museum contains valuable exhibits from all cultures of Spain, from ancient times to the present day. The Royal Palace is interesting because here you can explore the palace halls, the Royal Library, the Royal Pharmacy, the armory, numismatic museums, as well as the Museum of Music, Applied Arts and Painting.

The famous Puerta Del Sol is located in the center of Madrid. It is popular among tourists because there is a figure of a bear made of stone in the middle. Not far from Puerta del Sol there is the Carboneras Monastery, built in 1607, where the most valuable ancient paintings are kept. The Royal Theater, built in the 17th century, is located next to Encarnacion Square. No less famous is the convent of Descalzas Reales, founded in the 16th century. For several centuries, high-ranking persons stayed here, who donated various works of art from their collections to the monastery as payment for their stay. Thus, at the moment the museum contains many masterpieces of world art.

The Calatravas Church is distinguished by its original architectural solutions. The Palace of the Dukes of Uceda, dating back to the beginning of the 17th century, is of cultural value. The fountain of the goddess Cibeles, which is installed on the square of the same name, is also famous for its extraordinary beauty.

The purpose of my work is, based on the literature studied, to tell about the unique architecture of Madrid.

The goal is specified by the following tasks:

Trace the historical path of urban development in Madrid;

Tell about the main architectural monuments of Madrid.

The culture of peoples is deep, ancient, symbolic, and in order to understand it, it is necessary to study primary sources - monuments of art.

Chapter 1. History of urban planning in Madrid

It is known that Madrid (Mayrit) was founded by the Arabs under Emir Muhammad I (852-886) as a fortified settlement. Madrid stood on a hill. It was surrounded by the valley of the Manzanares River, a deep ravine where Segovia Street now runs and the Arenal River, the memory of which is preserved in the name of the modern street. At the top there was a citadel (in Arabic "almudaina"). Adjoining it on the eastern side was the city itself (medina), located on less rocky lands. The area of the citadel and medina reached 8 and 16 hectares, respectively.

The military role of the city and the peasants who inhabited it suggest that Madrid did not stand out for any urban originality, apart from its monolithic city wall. It was this gate and the gates made in it, to which the main and secondary routes from nearby villages converged, that were the factors that influenced the further development of the city.

These roads gradually became the main streets of the new outskirts of Madrid. The transformation of a rural road into a city street has become a kind of constant in the morphology of the future big city. This is confirmed by the so-called “Suburb” (Arrabal), which in the late Middle Ages grew outside the city wall along the axis of the current Calle Mayor street from the once existing Guadalajara Gate to the place that would later be called Puerta del Sol (Gate of the Sun). ). The road to Alcala de Henares (future Alcala Street) and the Aragonese Route began from here.

The question of the expansion of Madrid has been raised for a very long time and is confirmed by the fact of the existence of residential areas adjacent to the outer part of the city wall. During the 13th-15th centuries, these settlements grew constantly and very intensively and formed the already mentioned “Suburbs”, which under Enrique IV (1454-1475) doubled the area of the old Spanish-Muslim city.

It should be recognized that the driving force behind the city's growth was its three markets, one duty-free and two regular. They were ordered to be organized by Enrique IV, who also showed his favor towards Madrid by founding several institutions there, for example, the monastery of San Jeronimo, which remained under august patronage even during the time of the Catholic Kings. The “suburb” was built up unevenly and in a disorderly manner. The connecting elements were the churches of San Martin, San Gines and Santa Cruz built in it.

In the 16th century, Madrid turned from an ordinary city into a capital. This marked the end of the first stage of its history, during which trade was added to the original military functions of the settlement. During the reign of Philip II, Madrid acquired a new political importance due to the fact that the Royal Court settled in this city. Even Charles V showed his sympathy for Madrid. It is known that he visited the medieval Alcazar and decided to expand and rebuild it. In order to create an area around it and improve access roads, it was necessary to demolish part of the building. Concern for the external appearance of the royal castle, the facade of which acquired a certain nobility of form, although the remaining walls retained their former medieval appearance, gave rise to a spirit of peculiar competition among wealthy citizens. It was during that era that the first palaces began to appear in the city, and the builders cared not only about their external architectural appearance, but also about the internal layout (let’s call, for example, the building that would later house the monastery of the Royal Sandals and which is usually called “Casa de Cisneros” ").

The founding of many religious communities dates back to 1517-1556, contributing to the appearance of a large number of church buildings and among them the famous Bishop's Chapel (Capilla del Obispo). At the same time, the first monumental architectural structures were created in Madrid. Further evidence that the rebuilding of Madrid began under Charles V is the work carried out at the "Puerta de Guadalajara", a gate that was significantly widened to allow the free passage of carts and carriages.

To this day, not a single city plan from that period is known. There is only some information about the appearance of Madrid at the end of the era of Charles V. We are talking about several views of Madrid stored in the Vienna National Library, very problematically attributed to the brush of the Flemish artist Anton von den Wingerd and dating back to approximately 1563-1570. In them, in addition to the rebuilt Alcazar, what is most striking is the size of Madrid, which has gone beyond the boundaries of the Suburb. Some administrative documents, concerning, for example, the cleaning of the streets or the preventive measures taken in connection with the epidemic of 1566, make it possible to learn about the division of Madrid into 9 large areas and its actual perimeter, finally fixed by a decree of the Castilian Council in 1567. The new borders implied a significant expansion of the capital's area, which grew mainly to the east and to a lesser extent to the south.

Despite numerous destructions and reconstructions during the centuries-old history of the city, you can admire it endlessly. The architectural features of Madrid are reflected in a vibrant symbiosis of different styles and eras, which is especially pronounced in the exterior of palaces and parks.

Features of the city's architecture

main styles: Moorish, Gothic, Baroque, neoclassical, modern;
the historical part of the city has been preserved in the northeast and southeast of the capital;
medieval buildings can only be seen southwest of Plaza del Sol;

History of the city's construction

The right to be called founders belongs to the Arabs. In the 9th century, the city of "Mairit" was a hilltop citadel surrounded by the Manzanares River valley. Adjacent to the fortress was a village that had no urban features, with the exception of a huge wall and gate. The roads leading to the gates eventually became streets. By the 15th century, the area of the suburb was already twice the size of the old city, and in the 16th, Madrid became the capital.

From now on, Madrid performed military, commercial and political functions. A “Decoration Council” was created, which was responsible for the appearance of the buildings. It was during this period that new palaces, theaters in Madrid, and magnificent squares appeared.

The 18th century changed the appearance of the capital - a big fire practically destroyed the Alcazar, which they did not dare to restore, but in the gardens, it seems, all the love of the Spanish people for art was embodied.

The 19th century brought with it the destruction of churches and monasteries. Classicism was replaced by modernity, and many medieval monuments ceased to exist.

Architectural monuments of the capital

The urban planning of Madrid was not a spontaneous process. It is no coincidence that the capital has a second name - “Intentional City”.

Temple architecture

Its main example is the Almudena Cathedral, built in honor of the Virgin of Almudena (translation - “fortress”), a statue of which was found in the wall of an old Arab citadel. Location: Bailen Street (opposite the Royal Palace). Work began in the 19th century and ended only 100 years later.

Until the 19th century there was no cathedral in Madrid, since it was not the center of the diocese. In 1884, the city received this status, which gave rise to the start of construction of the main religious building of the capital.

The facade of the building is made in light colors, which creates an ensemble with the Royal Palace. The interior decoration is distinguished by a special atmosphere of holiness and religiosity. The design has the shape of a Latin cross. The Cathedral in Madrid is decorated with statues of saints created by the great masters of Spain.

Theaters in Madrid

The main attraction is also located opposite the Royal Palace. In 1850, Queen Isabella II ordered the construction of the cultural pearl of the capital to begin. By the end of the same year, Donizetti's opera "The Favorite" opened the Teatro Real of Madrid.

Later, the capital's Conservatory took refuge here. The theater was visited at different times by leading cultural figures from all over the world - Verdi, Stravinsky, Nijinsky.

After reconstruction, the temple of art was converted into a concert hall, which hosted the Eurovision Song Contest (1969).

Since 1997 it has again been possible to enjoy opera in Madrid.

Modern architecture

Its brightest representative is the whole region. It deservedly bears the fame of the most fashionable, avant-garde, shocking place in the capital. Here the outlook on life is more free from stereotypes. This place is known as the embodiment of design projects and extravagant fashion. His name is Chuek.

Sexual freedom is held in high esteem here, and the sounds of fashionable concerts can be heard. In the summer, the Pride Parade is an event that brings together people from all over the world.

Monuments

The pride of the people of Madrid is the monument to Don Quixote. It is part of a large ensemble dedicated to Cervantes. Location - Plaza de España, near the Royal Palace. Its opening marked the 300th anniversary of the writer’s death. The composition includes a monument to the most famous Spaniard, his characters and Queen Isabella.

Madrid is not a city frozen in time. It is constantly growing, developing and changing. Many modern buildings have long been its symbols.

Madrid (Spain) - Walking around the capital: Video

Plaza de España in Madrid is one of the largest and most popular squares in the city. On a sunny day, it is filled with street vendors, tourists and sunbathing locals. The square is located at the end of the beautiful Gran Via, one of the busiest streets in Madrid. The green square is surrounded by highways, but the atmosphere here is quite relaxing and casual. Among the main attractions of the square are a large fountain and a famous statue in honor of the Spanish writer Cervantes.

The Plaza de Colon in Madrid is home to the twin towers, locally known as "El Enchufe" or "The Rosette". This nickname comes from its appearance, which resembles a giant electrical plug. The official name is “Torres de Colon”, or Columbus Towers. Some believe that this is the most terrible building in Madrid. Its Art Deco green roof and copper and glass façade do not inspire city dwellers. However, Torres de Colón has become an icon of the Madrid skyline since its construction in 1976. The construction generated quite a bit of curiosity as the Columbus Towers were built from top to bottom.

Traveling around Madrid you will find many museums and historical monuments. The capital of Spain is one of the country's most beloved tourist destinations, captivating travelers with its architecture, history and attractions. The most unusual of these is the ancient Egyptian Temple of Debod, or Templo de Debod in Spanish. You are probably wondering how such a structure could appear in the European capital? You will find the answer to this question below.

In addition to the fact that Madrid is actually the center of Spain, this city is also famous for its bloody “spectacle” - Corrida. We invite you to get acquainted with the main attractions of Madrid. Full of energy, culture, history and interesting landmarks, Madrid is a modern capital that gives you a full taste of the real Spain. Wide avenues are crowded with tourists, and green parks harmoniously smooth out urbanization. Madrid doesn't have the traditional charm of Andalusia, or the beauty of Barcelona - instead the city offers an exciting atmosphere. The city is constantly noisy and in action.

Spain is the birthplace of Gaudi, de Villanueva, Machuca and other outstanding architects. Their names are known all over the world, and their creations decorate not only Spanish cities, but also other European cities. The main center of architectural beauty in Spain, apart from Barcelona and Valencia, is its capital, Madrid. The beautiful city, founded in the early 900s AD, is now the center of Spanish life, and the main metropolis of the country. Also, Madrid has a huge number of different architectural values, which we will talk about in this material.

History of architecture in Madrid.

The oldest architectural structure in Madrid that has survived to this day is considered to be the legendary Alcala gate, which are the symbol of this city. This building was built in a mixed style of Baroque and Classicism, due to which it has a very unusual appearance. The modern gate is an updated version of the old gate, which was reconstructed after the decree of Charles III. The gate is made of granite and has five spans (two with straight arches, three with semicircular ones). On top of the structure are depicted the four human virtues (Moderation, Justice, Wisdom and Courage), which are made in the form of limestone figures.

Prado Museum building was built in 1785, and is one of the most striking and monumental monuments of classicism. During its existence, the building has been reconstructed several times, and the hallmark of the building is the massive colonnade leading to the main entrance.

Plaza Mayor is the main square of the city, surrounded by beautiful buildings reminiscent of Austrian architecture. The center of attention is a luxurious building Casa de la Panderia, famous for its two pointed spiers. And traditional Austrian pretentiousness, which is emphasized by neat balconies. Interestingly, this building served as a bakery! Puerta del Sol is another luxurious square in Madrid, surrounded by unique architecture.

Palace architecture of Madrid.

The palaces of the Spanish capital are a separate column of local architecture, which is simply impossible to pass by.

Royal Palace in Madrid- the official residence of the Spanish monarchs, which serves not only as the most beautiful architectural landmark of the country's capital, but also as a symbol of power. The building was built under the leadership of the Italian architect Filippo Juvarru, who after his death was replaced by other Italian masters of architecture. The palace is beautiful for its interior decoration, where the interiors are made in a wide variety of styles that harmoniously combine with each other. The appearance of the palace is very official and is distinguished by its monumentality.

Linares Palace, built in neo-Braoque style, was erected at the end of the 19th century. In its history, the palace building was destroyed almost to the ground during the Civil War, but subsequently, the authorities restored the original appearance of Linares. The structure is small in size, rising four floors above the street.

Escorial– a unique structure with an epoch-making appearance. This palace is located outside the city limits and serves as the main residence of the Spanish king. The structure rises against the backdrop of the greenery surrounding the palace, and is a huge rectangle measuring 208x162 meters. The palace complex includes a huge number of elements - 9 towers, 13 chapels, 15 galleries, 300 cells, 16 patios, more than 2600 windows.

Temple architecture of Madrid.

As the capital of Spain, Madrid has more political significance for the country, but from a religious point of view the city is also very rich.

Almudena Cathedral- a majestic temple building located opposite the Armory Square in Madrid. The first stone of the cathedral was laid in 1884, and only in 1993 the Almudena Cathedral was consecrated by the Pope. The cathedral building is distinguished by its elaborate neo-Gothic style and has a very light appearance. The shape of the building is made in the form of a Latin cross.

Known throughout the world for its majestic façade, Royal Cathedral of Saint Francis the Great, is distinguished by its size and beauty. So, the height of the dome is 58 meters, and its diameter is 33 meters. The building of the Royal Cathedral was built in the neoclassical style.

Monastery of Encarnacion, is considered the richest and most prosperous monastery in Spain, and its building is one of the five most recognizable architectural structures of the Spanish capital. The facade of the monastery is made of brick and stone slabs, and is designed in the rare Herreresco style. Also, in the exterior of Encarancion there are notes of neoclassicism, which was introduced into the appearance by Ventura Rodriguez, who was involved in the restoration of the church after a big fire.

Sports facilities in Madrid.

The sports architecture of the capital of Spain can be distinguished in two objects - two beautiful football stadiums.

The first one is Santiago Bernabeu, where Real Madrid, the legendary Spanish football club, is based. The huge bowl of the stadium seats 81,044 spectators in its stands, and is one of the most iconic sports venues in Europe. The opening of the stadium took place back in 1947, after which two reconstructions were carried out - in 1982 and 2001.

In the center of Madrid there is another iconic football stadium, where the local club Atlético plays. This "Vicente Calderon", accommodating 54,907 spectators. The stadium has an ancient facade and historical significance for Spanish sports. But, in the near future, the stadium will be completely destroyed, since it is planned to build a new, modern arena in its place.

Modern architecture of Madrid.

The architecture of the Spanish capital does not stand still, and luxurious modern skyscrapers are rising next to the ancient architecture, delighting city guests with their grandeur.

Picasso Tower For a long time it was the tallest building in the country, and is a classic skyscraper built according to the American prototype. 43 floors are located in a tower 157 meters high. The appearance of the skyscraper is very similar to the skyscrapers of New York or Washington in the business districts of American cities.

The Gate of Europe is a unique structure in a modern style, consisting of two towers inclined towards each other. The construction of this building was completed in 1994, and to this day, Gateway to Europe are an iconic example of the modern look of the Spanish capital.

Cuatro-Torres is a modern office center consisting of four skyscrapers of various shapes and heights. It is one of the towers of the complex (Torre Bankia) that is the tallest building in the country (250 meters, 45 floors). The complex is the “home” for several large companies in the Spanish capital.

As you can see, Madrid represents not only the history of Spanish architecture, but also its modernity. Every year the appearance of the Spanish capital changes, but historical architectural monuments are sacredly revered by the country's leadership and are preserved in their original form.

Chapter 1. History of urban planning in Madrid

By defining new city boundaries, the authorities tried to control the quality of developments inside the city and at the same time prevent the construction of any structures outside its boundaries. However, they failed to achieve either one or the other. By 1590, Madrid had grown alarmingly and was approaching the size it would reach during the time of Philip IV 11 Dmitriev N.A. A Brief History of Art. - M.: UNITY, 1993. - P. 118-120. .

At the beginning of the reign of Philip II, the capital had about 20,000 inhabitants, and by the day of the monarch's death the population was already 60,000. The number of buildings in the city increased from three thousand to almost nine. For the sake of qualitative changes, an attempt was made to streamline urban affairs by creating a semblance of a city council, known as the “Junt of Decoration and Public Improvement.” Her task was to help ensure that the city of Madrid "is clean, neat and elegant, as it should be." The council also had to monitor the city's architecture. In this regard, he promulgated the “Decree on Decoration” (1591), which, in particular, prohibited buildings beyond the permitted boundaries, and also imposed the obligation to submit drawings of houses planned for construction in order to obtain the appropriate permit.

The appointment of Francisco de Mora as “Senior Manager of the works carried out in the city on behalf of the Junta” (1592) seemed to predict the future emergence of the position of chief architect, responsible for the architectural and urban future of the city. Behind all this activity one should see Philip II himself and the royal architect Juan de Herrera, on whose initiative the plan for intra-city reforms was created. Among the works undertaken are the straightening of Atocha, Segovia and Mayor streets. Segovia Street will eventually become the main entrance to the capital and will run along the same axis with the impressive Segovia Bridge over the Manzanares River. The redevelopment of Calle Mayor entailed the reconstruction of Arrabal or Mayor Square (1581), which was the first step towards the complete regulation of an urban area so vital for Madrid trade.

After the royal court moved to Valladolid, the construction of new buildings in Madrid was suspended. However, after the return of the court to Madrid, she resumed her activities. Philip III paid special attention to Calle Mayor and the streets adjacent to it, where there were many vacant lots suitable for development. The architect Francisco de Mora wrote in 1610: “There is a lot of building in the capital, and everyone does it as he pleases; therefore, some houses turn out to be low, others - high, some of them go beyond the established line, others do not reach it, and all this leads to great discord” 11 Bartenev I.A. Essays on the history of architectural styles. - M.: Academy. 2003. - pp. 125-129. . This is evidence of the impotence of architectural control in the city, which by the end of the reign of Philip III had about 9,500 buildings.

The most important architectural and urban construction projects of that period were associated with the final formation of the central square, Plaza Mayor, and the putting in order of the streets adjacent to it. The houses on them, according to the project of Juan Gomez de Mora (1617), received typological uniformity in the design of facades with portals and balconies. The Plaza Mayor became the most important social center in Madrid due to its many functions and the trade that took place there.

The urban planning activities of the kings who inherited the throne of the House of Austria (Philip V, Ferdinand VI, and especially Charles III) were quite remarkable. An idea of it is given by a series of plans for Madrid, the first of which were drawn up by Thomas Lopez and Chalmandrier (1761), Espinosa de los Monteros (1769), and again in 1785 by the geographer Thomas Lopez. Urban construction and modifications were carried out so rapidly that each new plan, in a sense, made the previous one unnecessary, since it took into account all the innovations and more fully reflected the true appearance of the city. The most significant changes in the appearance of Madrid begin in the years 1715-1729, when the Corregidor of Madrid was Don Francisco Antonio Salcedo y Aguirre, Marquis del Vadillo, who skillfully used the brilliant talent of the great Spanish architect Pedro de Ribera. During these years, the Toledo Bridge was erected in the southern part of the city on the Manzanares River, which became one of the most remarkable entrances to Madrid. According to the project of the same Ribera, the construction of La Florida Boulevard, better known as the Virgen del Puerto, was completed. It connected the Segovia Bridge with the road to El Pardo and with the Porta San Vicente, one of the entrances to Madrid. New monumental fountains appeared within the city limits, such as the Fountain of Glory; large structures, such as the Conde Duque barracks or the Almshouse building. It was one of the happiest and most creative periods in the city's history. Unfortunately, traces of what was done at that time have almost disappeared, leaving only architectural crumbs in the form of “ancient monuments.”

During the reign of Philip V (1701-1746), an unforeseen event occurred - the fire of the Alcazar. The natural disaster greatly affected the architectural appearance of the city. The architect Filippo Juvarra proposed choosing the “hills of St. Bernard” for the construction of the new Royal Palace. However, after the fire, the royal family unwittingly had to move to Buen Retiro. The palace building was not significantly altered, but the palace gardens received a different design, taking into account French designs. New buildings appeared within the city limits. The convent of the Royal Salesians was built; near the Church of St. Barbara there is a very attractive semicircular square in its simplicity. Outside the city, not far from the Alcala gate, a bullring was built. Finally, it should be noted that under Ferdinand VI, the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando was finally formed. Being the bearer of new trends, she had a noticeable influence on the development of ideas and artistic tastes of enlightened Europe 11 Bunin A.V. Architectural composition of cities. - M.: Eksmo, 2000. - P. 115-118. .

The plans of Espinosa and Tomás López, drawn up in accordance with the main provisions of the General Plan of Madrid, depict a green belt for the city. It also includes Buen Retiro. In the immediate vicinity of the park is the monumental Gate of Alcala, the creation of the architect Sabatini. He also built the San Vicente Gate, designed by Ribera. The gates of Alcala, San Vicente and Atocha became the three main entrances to Madrid. The Toledo Gate did not have such architectural completeness, although the entrances to them could outshine and even surpass the other entrance routes to the capital in their beauty. Among the nobility, the spirit of competition is noticeably increasing, which also helps to improve the appearance of the city. New palaces were built, in most cases surrounded by gardens, which, following the model of Buen Retiro, were enclosed with trellises rather than stone walls. This made the surrounding streets more attractive.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the capital was destined to go through difficult times. It seems paradoxical, but the very short reign of Joseph Bonaparte (1808-1813) played a significant role in the urban planning of Madrid. He accomplished what Charles III did not have time to do, and Charles IV did not want to do: to begin intra-city restructuring. It was not carried out according to a general plan, but was carried out partially, affecting only some zones. Small squares appeared in them, for which Bonaparte was ambiguously dubbed the “square king.”

The necessary land plots were expropriated and created by demolishing houses. This policy affected the interests of churches, monasteries and individuals. The first to disappear were the churches of San Martin, San Ildefonso, San Miguel and Santiago, then the monasteries of St. Catalina and St. Anna were demolished. A significant number of houses were demolished in the area where the Plaza de Oriente is now located. After the disappearance of the Church of San Juan, the Convent of San Gil, some private houses, the pelota court, the Royal Library, the Garden of La Priora, the streets of Parra, Buey, Tesoro, Carnero, etc., the plan of Madrid drawn up by Tomas Lopez ceased correspond to reality.

In the XIX-XX centuries. The reconstruction of the city was carried out, during which many medieval buildings were lost, and classicism in architecture was replaced by modernity. The Cathedral of Nuestra Señora de la Almudenta was built in this style. In 1929, a master plan for the reconstruction of the capital was adopted, which was redone in 1950. According to this plan, the city was transformed and rebuilt, mainly to the north, east and northeast. This led to the emergence of satellite cities such as Escorial and El Prado 11 Biryukov N.V. History of architecture. - M.: INFRA-M, 2007. - P. 127-130. .

Madrid does not stand still, and its appearance changes in such a way that literally a five-year absence forces us to return to a completely new city.

Architecture of Madrid

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Nordic walking

Pole walking dates back to the 1940s, and was originally intended to train professional Finnish skiers to keep them in shape during the summer. Walking with poles became especially popular only in the late 90s...

Tourist characteristics of Transbaikalia

One of the interesting pages in the history of Transbaikalia is connected with the legendary Huns, who supplanted the “tilers”. Centuries-old domination of the Hunnic tribes...

Tourist potential of Sosnovsky district

Sosnovsky district was formed in January 1924 under the name of Chelyabinsk. In June 1930, it was included in Chelyabinsk, but continued to exist as a territorial community of village councils subordinate to the city council...

Tourism and natural resources of South Korea

Archaeological finds show that the first settlements on the Korean Peninsula existed as early as 700,000 years ago. According to legend, the first Korean kingdom, Ancient Joseon, was founded by the mythical character Tangun in 2333 BC...

Floorball. History of appearance and method of play

1.1 History of floorball It is believed that floorball originated in the 1970s, but games similar in their methodology to floorball were known in many countries even before that. Modern floorball began to emerge in 1958...